Methods of developing marshland areas
Abstract
Wetlands and peatlands are one of the most difficult types of soil for building houses. Difficulties of development of wetlands are connected with low bearing capacity of the top layers of soil, tendency to formation of unstable floats, frost removal, erosion. Mistakes made during construction lead to the complete destruction of buildings. But now it is important to analyze the methods of development of wetlands, taking into account the latest trends in construction.
Purpose: to analyze the methods of development of wetlands taking into account the latest construction trends and to offer engineering protection of the wetland area of Nova Danylivka district in Kharkiv.
The distribution of swamps and wetlands in Ukraine, which occupy more than 1,200 thousand hectares (2% of the territory), is analyzed. The largest areas are in Polissya (Volyn, Rivne, Zhytomyr and Chernihiv regions), in the valleys of forest-steppe and steppe rivers and in the Carpathians. There are no wetlands of international importance in Kharkiv region. Here wetlands occupy 32,02 thousand hectares (1 % of the region).
Methods of drainage of territories are analyzed. The first drainage canals were laid in Polissya and in some areas of Prykarpattia and Zakarpattia at the end of the XIX century. The most modern drainage systems are Beregivska, Trubizka, Verkhnopripyatska, Latorytska, Irpinska, Korteliska, Zheldetska and Zamyslovytska. The area of drained for agriculture swamps, wetlands and wetlands is more than 5 million hectares, for forestry – up to 4 million hectares. Peat mining occupies from 850 thousand hectares to 1.5 million hectares. For drainage, an open drainage network in the form of open ditches with a depth of 0.8–1.2 meters is usually used. The values of drainage of bogs are given.
Methods of building houses and laying foundations in wetlands are analyzed. Arrangement of building foundations can take place in several ways: the method of complete peat, the method of partial soil replacement with the installation of a columnar foundation, the method of loading with soil drainage. The arrangement of foundations from a monolithic slab, a floating foundation, reinforced concrete piles, pile-screw and wooden piles is considered. The technology of their application, advantages and disadvantages are briefly presented.
In Ukraine, the following methods of wetland development are most often used: acceleration of surface runoff of rain and snow waters, installation of various types of drainage.
On the territory of Kharkiv region and the city of Kharkiv there are no deep swamps of large area. There are few wetlands and flooded areas with high groundwater levels. Therefore, as a result of the analysis of methods of development of wetlands the engineering protection of the wetland of Nova Danylivka district in Kharkiv is proposed, which consists in drainage of the territory, arrangement of systematic drainage, organization of surface drainage in combination with vertical planning, planting of trees with developed root system.
