Sandwich panels with basalt, mineral wool, and expanded polystyrene insulation: a comparative analysis of properties based on experimental research

Abstract

The article explores the structural and technological features of using wall sandwich panels with basalt insulation, taking into account modern requirements for energy efficiency, fire safety, and mechanical strength. A comparative analysis of the key physical and mechanical characteristics of the three main types of insulation materials most commonly used in sandwich panels is conducted: basalt fiber, mineral wool, and expanded polystyrene (EPS). The study summarizes and systematizes the results of leading experimental research on the thermophysical, strength, fire-resistant, and technological properties of sandwich panels. Particular attention is paid to the behavior of materials under elevated temperatures, which is critically important for preventing fire spread. According to the obtained data, basalt insulation materials demonstrate the highest fire resistance, stable thermophysical properties at temperatures up to 300 °C, as well as high compressive and flexural strength. It was found that mineral wool provides good thermal insulation, although it has lower strength and temperature stability. Expanded polystyrene, while showing satisfactory thermal conductivity at low temperatures, significantly loses its properties when heated above 60 °C. Overall, these studies allow for a well-grounded assessment of the structural limitations and advantages of each type of insulation in terms of durability, safety, and energy efficiency. The results may be useful for improving sandwich panel designs, selecting suitable insulation materials according to operating conditions, and enhancing the overall performance and safety of buildings.