Analysis of the influence of traction system elements of heavy tractors on soil pressure

Abstract

Soil compaction is a physical process of soil degradation that reduces its porosity and, as a result, intensifies erosion processes and decreases crop yields. Plants grown on compacted areas exhibit weaker development and lower vitality. This occurs because gas exchange in the soil deteriorates, affecting the availability of oxygen and other gases to plant roots.Modern crop production practices show that the widespread use of heavy tractors in fields increases both the intensity and frequency of mechanical impact on the soil. Repeated movement of agricultural machinery leads to significant compaction of the soil to a depth of up to 100 cm, while machine tracks may occupy up to 80% of the cultivated area. Under the influence of heavy machinery, soil density has increased by 20–40%. Reducing soil compaction is therefore one of the key strategies for sustainable land use. Improving the running systems of machines and implements, as well as reducing their overall weight, plays a crucial role in this process.

This study established that manufacturers of heavy, high-power tractors are constantly seeking ways to reduce the specific pressure exerted on the soil, particularly through modifications in design parameters, production technologies, and materials used in drive components. The efficiency of such tractors depends significantly on the proper selection of wheel configurations, especially during operations that require minimal soil impact.

The study analyzed the structural features of traction systems in modern high-power tractors designed to reduce ground pressure. In particular, models of wheeled tractors with an engine power of 300–500 hp were examined; the specific ground pressure was calculated; and the obtained values for tractors with wheeled, semi-tracked, and fully tracked propulsion systems (in the 300–500 hp range) were compared. A similar analysis was also carried out for tractors with a power output of 500 hp.