MECHANIZATION AND AUTOMATION OF HORTICULTURE: THE PATH TO SUSTAINABLE AND EFFICIENT PRODUCTION

Abstract

The issues of mechanization and automation are highly relevant in the context of introducing innovative technologies in horticulture. The application of modern solutions is aimed at achieving maximum yields, high-quality fruit, and a significant reduction in manual labor costs. The use of specialized machines and automated systems allows for the optimization of technological resources, minimization of human impact on the environment, and reduction of health risks for workers. Modern machines for maintaining tree-line strips feature a modular design, allowing working components to be adapted to specific conditions. To protect tree trunks, the units are equipped with an electro-hydraulic deflection mechanism, and the active components are powered by the tractor’s hydraulic system or an autonomous power unit. Manufacturers offer models with front, rear, or mid-mount hitches. Domestic manufacturers are already actively implementing these global standards in their own production. Research results confirm the global trend of transitioning from traditional mechanization methods to innovative systems based on automation principles. Most orchard processes are now automated: self-propelled chassis with autopilot operate autonomously, and irrigation systems are controlled remotely. Agricultural drones are used for plant protection, and harvesting is carried out by intelligently controlled combines. An important step toward the adoption of agricultural drones in horticulture will be the ability to integrate them into broader automation systems and improve decision-making, such as weather stations and irrigation and fertigation systems. Key elements of this process include monitoring and IoT solutions based on soil moisture sensors and canopy scanning systems. Technologies for the differentiated application of fertilizers and plant protection products are implemented taking into account the variability of plantings, while global navigation satellite systems (GNSS/GPS) ensure autonomous piloting of equipment between rows. The authors summarize global trends in the mechanization of the horticulture industry and justify priority areas for the use of automated systems in horticulture. The study found that horticulture is in the early stages of a transformation driven by a gradual shift from mechanized to automated technologies. This contributes to increased production efficiency and the sustainable development of the industry.