The scientific achievements in the agricultural engineering and forestry are presented. The journal is intended for science officers, lectures, PhD students and advanced students.
Луцький національний технічний університет
NUMERICAL MODELING OF A MACHINE FOR SEPARATION AND CLEANING OF CASTOR BEAN SEEDS FROM FRUITS
In modern EU strategies, the development of the bioeconomy plays an important role, aiming at the gradual replacement of petrochemical raw materials with biological ones. The agricultural sector can make a significant contribution to this process by cultivating industrial crops on low-productive lands. One of the promising crops is castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), which is suitable for technical oil production. However, its harvesting and processing are complicated due to the uneven ripening of the fruits and the lack of specialized machines. This study proposes a new design of a machine for cleaning castor bean seeds, which combines mechanical fruit shell destruction with subsequent aerodynamic cleaning. The proposed machine integrates crushing and reverse cones with rubber linings to break the fruit shells without damaging the seeds, along with an aerodynamic cleaning system for removing light impurities. Using numerical modeling in Simcenter Star-CCM+, based on DEM and CFD methods, the interaction between the fruits and the machine’s working parts as well as the separation processes were analyzed. Regression equations were developed to determine the seed separation productivity, the share of unthreshed fruits, and the content of viable seeds in the seed collector, depending on technological parameters. The optimal values are: the gap between the crushing and reverse cones – 8.6 mm; the rotation speed of the crushing cone – 291 rpm; the feed opening diameter – 98 mm; the cone axis inclination angle – 3.6°; the airflow velocity – 6 m/s; and the sieve inclination angle – 20.3°. The proposed machine ensures high-quality cleaning of castor bean seeds with minimal damage, increases productivity, and reduces dependence on manual labor, which is crucial for the industrial processing of this crop.
Copyright (c) 2025 Е.Б. Алієв, Г.В. Теслюк, В.В. Головченко
FORECASTING AND PREVENTING TOWER CRANE FAILURES USING AI TECHNOLOGIES UNDER WIND LOAD CONDITIONS
The article discusses the application of artificial intelligence technologies for forecasting and preventing tower crane failures caused by wind loads. It analyzes data processing methods from sensors measuring wind loads and their integration with crane control systems for real-time monitoring and prediction of hazardous situations. Special attention is given to the use of machine learning algorithms to process large volumes of data and identify critical parameters that could lead to an accident. The implementation of such systems allows for the timely detection of potential threats, automatic adjustment of crane operating parameters, and the adoption of necessary measures to prevent accidents. The study results confirm that the integration of AI technologies into the operation of tower cranes can significantly improve their safety and efficiency. The issue of tower crane safety under wind loads is also examined. The shortcomings of existing protection methods are analyzed, particularly their inadequate effectiveness during strong wind gusts. An intelligent system based on adaptive neural networks is proposed for forecasting wind loads and preventing accidents. The system’s operating principles and algorithms are described. The importance of timely response to changes in wind conditions to ensure the safety of the crane and personnel is emphasized. The results of the study can be used to develop modern crane control systems, improving work safety. It is noted that the risk of dangerous wind loads exists not only in areas with strong winds but also in regions with moderate climates. Analysis of long-term observations indicates not only the existence of the problem of dangerous dynamic wind loads but also a trend towards its intensification. The problem of ensuring the stability of tower cranes under strong winds remains relevant, as the loss of dynamic stability can lead to accidents and material damage. Especially dangerous are sudden wind gusts and squalls, which can significantly increase wind loads. These short-term wind impacts, along with other factors, may cause crane overturning, creating a threat to operational safety. Therefore, it is important to develop an effective method for ensuring crane stability during dynamic wind disturbances
THE COMPLEXITY OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
The complexity of the problem of planning and managing scientific research in the agricultural sector necessitates the improvement of existing models and methods of planning and management in the national economy of the country. Martial law creates unstable conditions for the agricultural sector, including security threats, disruption of supply chains, resource constraints and changing market conditions.This requires the adaptation of operational processes to ensure stability and continuity of activities. Agricultural enterprises are key to ensuring the country's food security. The implementation of innovative solutions in the field of management and project management will help agricultural enterprises adapt to new challenges. Agricultural production is subject to seasonal cycles, which requires the adaptation of plans for the redistribution of resources and the use of equipment. Unpredictable weather conditions can affect the implementation of the project. Natural and climatic conditions are changing rapidly, there is warming and redistribution of precipitation, the number of cataclysms is increasing (hurricanes, hail, drought, insufficient snow cover in the fields, floods, frosts in May 2025, other natural phenomena), which can cause enormous damage to crop production, horticulture and other industries). The agricultural sector is constantly developing, so it is important to take into account new technologies and innovations. Attention is growing to environmental sustainability, which requires taking into account environmental aspects in projects. The agricultural sector is one of the largest polluters of soils and atmospheric air. It is necessary to pay close attention to the norms of mineral fertilizers, especially nitrogen ones, and switch to soil cultivation technologies without turning the layer. We conducted an economic and energy analysis of crop rotation in the "Nyva" FG of the Dubno district of the Rivne region. A new crop rotation and ways to reduce costs in growing crops were proposed.
CALCULATIONS OF THE BALANCE OF MACROELEMENTS WHEN GROWING WINTER WHEAT IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE FG "NIVA" OF THE DUBNO DISTRICT OF THE RIVNE REGION
Among the branches of crop production, the most important is grain farming. It is the basis of all agricultural production. Therefore, the power of the state, the well-being of its population, and the receipt of foreign exchange largely depend on grain and its processed products. An important condition for the sustainable development of the country's agro-industrial complex is the rational use of agricultural land. Restoring soil fertility and obtaining high grain yields is impossible without the use of fertilizers. The balance of plant mineral nutrition elements is the most objective indicator of the degree of impoverishment or enrichment of the soil with certain elements. The balance of nutrients is an important characteristic that reflects the level of agricultural production. With an optimal balance of nutrients, fertilizer doses and costs are reduced and crop productivity increases. Disruption of the balance of nutrients leads not only to a decrease in soil fertility, but also to negative environmental consequences. This is especially true for nitrogen. The research was conducted in the conditions of the FG "Niva" in the Dubno district of the Rivne region on podzolized chernozems. The paper presents calculations of the balance of macroelements in the cultivation of winter wheat. The balance of macroelements in the soil shows the balance between the intake and removal of nutrients. The results of the calculations show that in the conditions of the FG "Niva" there is a certain irrational use of mineral fertilizers. In order to reduce the balance of macroelements to certain norms, it is necessary to adjust the doses of mineral fertilizers, namely, it is necessary to add 5-10 kg/ha dry matter of nitrogen, 15 kg/ha dry matter of phosphorus. As for potassium, the balance calculations indicate that its application can be reduced by 25 kg/ha. In order to optimize the balance of macronutrients and humus content, we recommend applying fermented organic fertilizers - 7-10 t/ha. To verify mathematical calculations, it is necessary to conduct laboratory studies of the content of macronutrients in the soil before applying fertilizers and after harvesting.
Copyright (c) 2025 І.М. Мерленко, М.Б. Августинович, М.І. Зінчук, А.М. Шворак
INFLUENCE OF FOREST VEGETATION ON VORSKLA AND PSEL RIVERS MEANDERING
Floodplain forests perform important ecological and hydrological functions, especially in regions with limited forest coverage. This study examines the impact of riparian vegetation on the development of river meanders along the Vorskla and Psel Rivers. An analysis of current floodplain conditions was conducted, including the proportion of forest, meadow, and agricultural lands, topographical and hydrological features, and the density and type of vegetation. Based on satellite image interpretation, morphometric measurements, and spatial modeling, a correlation was established between meander morphology (belt width, bend angle, development coefficient) and forestation along the riverbanks. Meanders show greater development in segments with deforested banks, where the meander belt is considerably wider compared to forested stretches. Conversely, dense riparian vegetation, particularly willow shrubs, increases flow resistance, reduces stream velocity, and traps sediment, effectively mitigating bank erosion. It was found that floodplain forests serve both filtering and channel-shaping functions. Practical recommendations are proposed for afforestation of erosion-prone riparian areas to enhance channel stability. The study underscores the importance of maintaining vegetative buffers along meandering rivers and suggests afforestation as a nature-based solution for channel protection. The results are applicable in watershed management, ecological restoration, and river landscape planning to ensure sustainable river system functioning under modern anthropogenic pressure and climate variability.
river meandering, floodplain forests, bank afforestation, erosion risk, channel stabilization
Copyright (c) 2025 В.О. Волянський, О.П. Герасимчук, Т.В. Волянський, В.Н. Бондар
HYDRO-JET METHOD FOR SCOTS PINE NEEDLE SEPARATION FOR INTEGRATED PROCESSING
The article presents a novel approach to the separation of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) needles from branches using a hydraulic jet, which ensures the preservation of needle structure for further integrated processing. The relevance of the study is driven by the need to utilize forestry by-products, particularly pine needles, as a source of biologically active compounds, essential oils, extracts, and cellulose-containing raw materials for the production of natural textile fibers. A conceptual design of the unit has been developed, combining the processes of jet formation, branch feeding, needle separation, and collection. The proposed unit can be implemented in both mobile and stationary configurations, making it adaptable to various logging conditions. Based on hydrodynamic analysis, the relationship between the key parameters—pressure before the nozzle, fluid flow rate, nozzle diameter, and the distance to the target—has been established. A theoretical model was constructed to calculate the minimum pressure required for effective needle detachment, taking into account gravitational acceleration and turbulent jet expansion. It was shown that the most efficient action zone is located within the compact part of the jet. The hydro-jet method offers several advantages, including high process speed, simultaneous cleaning of the needles, energy efficiency, and structural simplicity. The technology aligns well with the principles of sustainable natural resource management and can become an effective component in the zero-waste processing chain of coniferous biomass.
hydro-jet method, hydraulic jet, Scots pine needles, needle separation, theoretical justification
Copyright (c) 2025 О.П. Герасимчук, О.Л. Ткачук, В.О. Волянський, В.Н. Бондар
SOIL CONSERVATION – CONSERVATION OF THE FUTURE: AN AGROECOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE BEREZNE REGION
The article examines the agroecological condition of land resources in the Berezne territorial community of Rivne region within the context of current challenges to sustainable land use. Under the conditions of intensified agricultural production in Polissia, particularly in the Berezne region, anthropogenic pressure on land resources is increasing. This leads to a number of negative environmental consequences, including reduced soil fertility, intensified erosion processes, salinization, pollution, depletion of the organo-mineral composition, and disruption of the natural balance of ecosystems. Within the scope of this study, the natural and geographical conditions of the area were analyzed, soil types were identified, and their main properties were characterized. Special attention was given to identifying factors causing soil degradation, among which water erosion, disruption of crop rotation, excessive use of mineral fertilizers, and land drainage play a leading role. The assessment of soil fertility allowed the identification of potential ecological risks that threaten the sustainable functioning of the region’s agroecosystem. The relevance of the chosen topic is driven by the growing anthropogenic load on soil resources, which leads to the disruption of their natural balance, decreased productivity, and loss of ecosystem functions. The aim of the study is to analyze the current state of land resources in the Berezne territorial community, identify the main ecological challenges, and develop effective recommendations for their conservation and rational use. The object of the study includes both natural and anthropogenic processes that cause qualitative changes in soils. The subject of the study comprises quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the area's soil cover. Based on the results, directions for the conservation and restoration of soil resources to ensure sustainable agricultural use were substantiated, including the implementation of environmentally sound farming methods, agroforestry and land reclamation, organic fertilization, and anti-erosion measures. The results of the study may serve as a foundation for further applied research and the development of effective soil protection strategies as a key factor in ensuring environmental safety, preserving biodiversity, and maintaining the socio-economic stability of the region.
POTATOES HOME GARDENING FEATURESON USING ATTACHABLE EQUIPMENT OF TWO-WHEEL TRACTOR
The article examines the peculiarities of potato cultivation on household plots using walk-behind tractors and specialized attachments. Modern agricultural technologies, particularly the Dutch ridge planting method, are analyzed and adapted for small-scale farming conditions. Various types of attachments (plows, ridgers, potato planters, rotary tillers, potato diggers, etc.) are described, and the requirements for engine power depending on plot size and soil type are substantiated. The research results demonstrate the efficiency of applying organic fertilizers (manure, green manure crops, straw), which contributed to yield increase and improvement of potato tuber quality indicators. It has been proven that the use of small-scale machinery combined with organic farming practices ensures economic feasibility, environmental safety, and increased labor productivity under the conditions of Western Polissia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Р.В. Кірчук, Л.Ю. Забродоцька, Р.В. Ференц
THE ESSENCE OF METHODS FOR CALCULATING DIMENSIONAL CHAINS IN DESIGNING DETAILS OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY
The quality of machine and mechanism performance largely depends on the quality of manufacturing of parts and the assembly process. The assembly process, both after the direct production of components and after their restoration during repair, is based on the development of design and technological documentation, an essential element of which is the calculation of dimensional chains. The existing interstate, national, and industry regulatory documents define the procedure and rules for calculating dimensional chains. In Ukraine, when developing a technological assembly process at the design stage, interstate standards such as GOST 16319-80 and GOST 16320-80 are used. During the assembly stage, technological and design solutions are applied to achieve the required dimensional accuracy, which often leads to additional technological operations and costs. However, it is possible to reduce the total assembly error and the number of technological operations already at the design stage (Cherkashyna, 2013). GOST 16320-80 establishes methods for calculating dimensional chains using various approaches to achieve the accuracy of the closing link, in particular: the method of complete interchangeability, the method of partial interchangeability (probabilistic method), the method of group interchangeability (selective assembly), the fitting method, and the adjustment method. This article discusses the essence of calculating dimensional chains using the methods of partial and group interchangeability in the manufacture of agricultural machinery parts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Л.Ю. Забродоцька, Р.В. Кірчук, Р.В. Ференц
MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF THE WORKING PROCESS OF A SPIRAL-TYPE CUTTER FOR SAPROPEL EXTRACTION
The article presents an analytical overview demonstrating the feasibility of using pneumatic (airlift) sapropel extraction machines designed to obtain organic sapropel raw material – a fundamental component in the production of fertilizers for organic farming. The section State of the Art and Problem Statement highlights the shortcomings of the existing mechanical adjustment and control systems of such machines, which are often inefficient and prone to operational failures. Since pneumatic sapropel extraction systems have proven to be energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable in obtaining organic raw materials and are currently undergoing active modernization, a comprehensive automated system was proposed as the result of this research. The developed system simultaneously performs several functions – it forecasts, adjusts, and controls the machine’s operating process. The system determines and configures the optimal technological parameters of the workflow and automatically monitors, modifies, and manages them depending on the unpredictable characteristics and properties of the sapropel deposit. It also forecasts potential changes in the operating process and structural loads that may lead to machine failure, thereby preventing such occurrences. The paper presents a block diagram illustrating the sequence of processes for forecasting, adjustment, and control of airlift sapropel extraction machines, as well as the layout of information and control devices that implement the operational process. The proposed system will increase the efficiency of machine operation, ensure uniform extraction of sapropel layers, and provide high-quality raw material with minimal impact on the aquatic ecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2025 Р.А. Хлопецький, В.Ф. Дідух, С.М. Хомич, І. Є. Цизь
DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATED SYSTEM FOR FORECASTING, ADJUSTMENT, AND CONTROL OF AIRLIFT SAPROPEL EXTRACTION MACHINES
The article presents an analytical overview demonstrating the feasibility of using pneumatic (airlift) sapropel extraction machines designed to obtain organic sapropel raw material – a fundamental component in the production of fertilizers for organic farming. The section State of the Art and Problem Statement highlights the shortcomings of the existing mechanical adjustment and control systems of such machines, which are often inefficient and prone to operational failures. Since pneumatic sapropel extraction systems have proven to be energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable in obtaining organic raw materials and are currently undergoing active modernization, a comprehensive automated system was proposed as the result of this research. The developed system simultaneously performs several functions — it forecasts, adjusts, and controls the machine’s operating process. The system determines and configures the optimal technological parameters of the workflow and automatically monitors, modifies, and manages them depending on the unpredictable characteristics and properties of the sapropel deposit. It also forecasts potential changes in the operating process and structural loads that may lead to machine failure, thereby preventing such occurrences. The paper presents a block diagram illustrating the sequence of processes for forecasting, adjustment, and control of airlift sapropel extraction machines, as well as the layout of information and control devices that implement the operational process. The proposed system will increase the efficiency of machine operation, ensure uniform extraction of sapropel layers, and provide high-quality raw material with minimal impact on the aquatic ecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2025 С.М. Хомич, І.Є. Цизь, Р.А. Хлопецький, С.Ф. Юхимчук, О.В. Захарчук
THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE TRACTION RESISTANCE OF A TILLAGE IMPLEMENT FOR DEEP SOIL CULTIVATION
The main measure to eliminate the negative impact of soil compaction is their deep loosening. Studies of soil hardness have revealed significant fluctuations in the depth of occurrence of compacted layers even in conditions of small land plots. Known designs of deep subsoilers provide for continuous cultivation of subsoil layers to a depth equal to the maximum value of the depth of the plow sole on the entire field. The design of devices for changing the depth of travel of the working bodies of deep subsoilers does not allow changing the depth of cultivation in real time based on soil hardness cartograms. We have proposed to switch to the principle of destroying the integrity of the compacted layer by cutting holes with a tubular working body. A machine design has been developed to implement this method of cultivation. The purpose of the study is to theoretically establish the traction resistance of such a machine and substantiate the design parameters of its working body. A dependence was obtained that allows us to assess the influence of such parameters as the diameter of the tooth, the number of teeth on the disk and the distance between the disks on the energy costs during the operation of the machine. Based on the analysis of the graphs constructed according to this dependence, it was established that to achieve a specific traction resistance of 5 kN, it is advisable to install from 6 to 8 teeth on one disk. In this case, the diameter of the tooth should not be more than 0.03 m, and the distance between the disks on the rotor should not be less than 0.3 m. Testing the working body (tooth) for resistance to deflection when it is buried in soil with a hardness of 40 kg/cm2 revealed that for a tooth 0.5 m long, a section in the form of a sector of a ring with an outer diameter of 0.03 m, a sector angle of 2000 and a ring wall thickness of 0.004 m will ensure stability.
soil hardness, deep fluffing, cutting a hole traction resistance, buckling resistance
Copyright (c) 2025 І.Є. Цизь, В.О. Голій, Т.П. Цизь, А.П. Ковальчук
THERMOTECHNICAL PROCESSES OF CONVERSION OF OIL FLAX STEM INTO TRUST
A detailed analysis of the process of transforming straw stalks into trusts was carried out, taking into account natural factors during the period of harvesting oilseed flax. An attempt to resume cotton cultivation in the territories of the Southern regions as the main raw material for the production of smokeless gunpowder indicates the need for research with other fiber-rich agricultural crops. These include oil flax, which in the conditions of climate change is ideal for growing in Western Polesie both for seeds and within 10 c/ha of short unoriented fiber. The quality of the fiber largely depends on the condition of the stalk, harvesting technology, natural and climatic conditions and the conditions of aging of the stalks on the flax field. It is also important to take into account the availability of technical support to create conditions for the transformation of stalks into trust. It has been established that the effective process of transforming oil flax stalks into trust depends on the presence of moisture and positive temperatures. Therefore, it is necessary to explore different options for harvesting technologies and, in the absence of atmospheric moisture in conditions of global warming, to ensure its movement from the soil by cutting the stems at a height of 30-50 mm. For this purpose, an improved separate harvesting technology is proposed, when the stems in the early yellow ripeness phase are cut with a rotary mower. After separating the seeds, it is important to consider the condition of the stalks. If the swaths are threshed with a combine harvester, then the stalks are partially destroyed and fiber loss is possible. When using other technical means such as a picker-thresher, the integrity of the stalks is preserved. Accordingly, the loss of both seeds and fiber will be minimal. Thermophysical processes when placing whole stems in rolls placed in a longitudinal plane on the soil surface are substantiated. Rational density parameters of such rolls are established as the basis of the accelerated process of converting oil flax stems into trust.
RESEARCH ON SAPROPEL DEHYDRATION IN A SCREW PRESS WITH A SELF-CLEANING FILTER
The formation of sapropel deposits ensures their humidity within 92–98%. To achieve a minimum level of profitability from the use of sapropel, it is necessary to reduce its humidity to 60–70%. Therefore, the process of dewatering the extracted sapropel is the most important stage of processing the extracted deposits. Convective drying, as the most common method of dewatering wet agricultural materials, is very energy-intensive. Among the methods of dewatering materials that involve the use of various kinds of mechanical energy, only cake filtration in presses with a limited chamber volume and the use of gravity during dehydration in pipes made of geotextile materials can be effective for dewatering sapropel. But when using a screw press, the question arises of the effective operation of the filter in which the liquid is separated from the solid. To solve this problem, we have proposed a press design with a self-cleaning filter. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to study the influence of the design parameters of a screw press with a self-cleaning filter on the process of sapropel dehydration. To obtain mathematical models of the studied process in the form of regression equations, the mathematical method of experimental design was applied. Analysis of the obtained equations and graphical dependencies showed that the design of a screw press with a self-cleaning filter is workable and provides a decrease in the humidity of sapropel samples from 92.2% to 80.0-82.0%. It was established that the rational parameters of such a press are the frequency of rotation of the screw shaft rpm, the compression force of the pressure plate spring N, the gap between the filter rings mm and the length of the filter m. With such values, the press productivity will be kg/s, and the humidity of the dehydrated sapropel - %
sapropel moisture, dehydration methods, screw press, self-cleaning filter, regression equation
Copyright (c) 2025 І.Є. Цизь, В.Ф. Дідух, С.М. Хомич, О.В. Голій
ANALYSIS OF CREATING A UNIFORM SEED FLOW TO THE FURROW
The sowing process must ensure that the seeds are distributed well over the seedbed, thus providing each seed with nutrients and moisture. The initial uniform flow of seeds is created in the seeding unit of the seeder, where the seeds are placed evenly on the seeding element, transported to the discharge zone and directed to the furrow. An important condition for the coulter to work is not only to create a furrow, but also to maintain a uniform flow of seeds and to place individual seeds at the bottom of the furrow at equal distances from each other and to cover them. Therefore, the choice of a coulter in accordance with the chosen cultivation technology of the respective crop and soil and climatic conditions is an important task. Providing seeds with the best conditions for their development is the link that connects high-quality sowing with a good harvest. According to the technological principle, the coulters are divided into three groups: with a sharp, blunt and straight angle of entry into the soil. Coulters with a sharp angle of penetration (anchor and tine coulters) form a furrow by moving the soil layer from the bottom up, resulting in a loose furrow bottom. Ploughshares with an obtuse angle of penetration (keel, skid and disk) create a furrow by pressing the soil layer from top to bottom, thus creating a compacted furrow bottom. Coulters with a straight angle of entry into the soil (tubular) push the soil layers apart, forming a furrow. The main advantages and disadvantages of each type of coulter are analyzed and determined. The possibilities of different cultivation technologies and different soil and climatic conditions are analyzed. To ensure the quality of the sowing process, when choosing the right sowing unit and coulter group, it is necessary to accurately assess the climatic conditions, soil type and its physical and mechanical properties, moisture supply and field topography. The use of continuous and strip sowing will increase sowing productivity due to the higher speed of the sowing unit and preserve moisture in the soil. Therefore, taking into account the above factors, we will be able to choose the right coulter for the appropriate technology for growing a particular crop.
JUSTIFICATION OF THE LIST OF FACTORS FOR SELECTING A WEEDING ROBOT MODEL
The problem of weeds is one of the most pressing issues in modern agriculture. Traditional technologies, which involve the use of large amounts of chemical agents, have become a serious threat to global ecological systems. Moreover, some weed species have developed resistance to various herbicides, reducing the effectiveness of chemical control measures. This situation necessitates the adoption of innovative approaches to organizing technological processes for efficient weed elimination. Analysis of current research has shown that the global scientific community considers the introduction of robotics in agriculture a highly promising and relevant direction for further development. The deployment of robots in agriculture in countries such as the United States, the Netherlands, and China already contributes to resolving multiple pressing problems. Specifically, it allows farmers to reduce production costs, address labor shortages, maintain consistently high product quality, and improve overall working conditions. Considering these factors, the National University of Water and Environmental Engineering conducts applied scientific projects aimed at developing and testing robots for various agricultural tasks. The author has carried out a series of works on developing a specialized robot for targeted weed removal. This article presents the results of analyzing current research focused on designing and implementing advanced technologies for weed detection and control based on robotic systems. The analysis serves as the foundation for the conceptual design of a practical robot model. Additionally, the article outlines the results of expert evaluation of key factors determining the choice of a weeding robot for a specific agricultural enterprise. Effective selection of a robot for a particular farm requires a systematic scientific approach to organizing the weed elimination process, considering all quantitative and qualitative factors, many of which may not directly depend on the manufacturer. The results obtained can be used by agricultural producers to make a well-justified choice of robot and efficiently organize weeding technologies in a sustainable and productive manner.
INFLUENCE OF WEAR OF WORKING PARTS OF THE SCRAPER ELEVATOR OF A COMBINE HARVESTER ON THE DEGREE OF GRAIN REVERSE LOADING
A modern combine harvester can be considered as a complex technological system that performs the final part of the technologies for the production of grain crops. Accordingly, the scientific direction of improving the quality of the threshing-separating and transport systems of the grain group does not lose its relevance and relevance in today's conditions. The presented research is devoted to improving the quality of transportation and centrifugal unloading of grain by scraper elevators of combine harvesters of the KZS-9-1 type and their further modernizations. The theoretical and experimental part of the study established that the quality of transportation and centrifugal unloading of the scraper elevator of the combine harvester is influenced not only by the design features, but also by the degree of mechanical wear of the working parts of the elevator. Based on the research, it was determined that the degree of wear of the working surfaces of the drive sprocket in the upper part of the grain elevator of the KZS-9-1 combines leads to more pronounced oscillatory loads. It is recommended to use new structural materials, including composites, for the manufacture of both the drive sprocket and the scraper chain of the grain elevator itself. It is proposed to implement a computerized system for direct observation of the change in the reverse flow in the grain elevator using high-speed video cameras and flowmeter sensors. The latter will allow for timely repair, maintenance and technological adjustment of the elements of the grain group of the threshing machine of the combine harvester. It is also advisable to use an electric drive and electronic regulation of the speed of grain transportation by scraper elevators in accordance with the degree of loading of the grain group within the range of fulfillment of the centrifugal unloading condition.
Copyright (c) 2025 О.А. Бурлака, А.О. Келемеш , С.В. Ляшенко, А.І. Лазоренко
JUSTIFICATION OF GROVE-LIKE ROD SHAPE OF THE SOIL TILLAGE UNIT FOR PRE-SOWING PROCESSING
To prepare the soil for sowing, tillers with a horizontal or vertical rotation axis of the working body are used. Horizontal rotary working bodies make it possible to form three horizontal layers relative to the arable horizon with different contents of soil aggregates. In order to ensure the simultaneous grinding and separation of the soil, it is necessary to justify the shape and geometric dimensions of the working body of the tillage module for pre-sowing tillage. The method of bionic engineering was used to determine the most rational shape. For this purpose, the locomotion and biomechanics of the soil fauna were considered, namely the process of interaction of animal claws with the soil. To determine the degree of soil grinding, a refined mathematical model of A. M. Panchenko was used, which allows researchers to analyze the work of active bodies that perform both translational and rotational motion. Taking into account the proposed model of soil grinding, a geometric calculation of the shape of the rod of the bionic tillage unit for pre-sowing tillage was carried out based on the morphology of the claws of soil fauna animals, and its three-dimensional model was built. Animal claws were approximated using reverse engineering methods. The equations describing the outer and inner surfaces of the claw-shaped rod of the soil tillage unit for pre-sowing tillage were obtained by solving the condition of ensuring the maximum degree of soil grinding in the Wolfram Cloud software package using the FindMaximum function. The results of the calculation of the shape of the claw-like rod of the bionic tillage unit will be used to make an experimental sample of the equipment and further check the quality of soil grinding.
Copyright (c) 2024 Г.В. Теслюк, Е.Б. Алієв, О.В. Золотовська
Vegetables, fruits, berries and seeds of agricultural crops have different shapes and sizes. When developing machines and equipment for harvesting and processing agricultural products, it is necessary to take into account these characteristics of fruit and vegetable products in order to ensure high efficiency of technological processes. Scientists use various methods to describe the shape of vegetables, fruits, berries and seeds. In particular, morphometric analysis, reconstruction of contour images obtained from a photo of the whole fruits or its parts, as well as X-ray computed tomography, 3D data processing methods and visualization technologies (triangulation, time of flight (TOF), interferometry, electromagnetic radiation and ultrasound) are used. The aim of the study was to obtain mathematical models of the shapes of fruits and root crops. Creative shapes of tomatoes, carrots and table beets were described by modifying the superformula of the flat curve of the superellipse. To build 3D models of fruits and root crops, the equation of the creative shape written in parametric form was used. Construction of graphs of creative forms of fruit and root crops, as well as their 3D models was carried out in the computer algebra system Mathcad 14. The proposed mathematical models can be used for modeling of technological processes, development of working bodies of machines, equipment and robots for harvesting and processing of agricultural crops, as well as for determination of physical and mechanical parameters of agricultural products (volume, mass, density, etc.). By changing the parameters of the mathematical models of fruit and root crops, it is possible to take into account the peculiarities of the shape of their various varieties. Further research in this direction with the aim of developing mathematical models for describing the shape of seeds, fruits and roots of various agricultural crops is promising.
Copyright (c) 2024 І.М. Дударєв, С.Ю. Прибиш
STUDY OF INTERACTION OF BREAKER-SPREADER WITH LINSEED STEM FLOW
Linseed is grown by farms for seed production. The most common flax harvesting techniques are direct harvesting or separate harvesting. Under favorable growing conditions, the stem part of the crop can reach 45 t/ha, which creates additional difficulties at the harvesting stage. In this paper, the process of interaction of the thinner tooth of the beater with the flow of flax stems to ensure the separation of stems and the separation of seeds has been studied. Theoretical studies were carried out and the necessary conditions for high quality processing of flax stalk flow were determined. Factors influencing the degree of flax seed separation and hull loosening were determined. A model of a tooth and comb for a beater-thickener was developed. The position of the teeth on the comb was substantiated. The deflection of the stalk clamped on both sides by the force of the tooth was determined. The force with which the flax stalks are pulled out of the fixings of the equipment is also determined. The time required to separate the seeds from the stalk layer and the percentage of separated seeds at different rotation frequencies of the loosener shaft were determined. The necessary distance between adjacent pairs of rollers to destroy the seed pods and separate the seeds was determined to be 40 cm. Increasing this distance causes the stalks to sag and wind up on the working elements of the machine. Processing a stream of flax stalks with the help of the developed equipment ensures complete separation of seeds from compacted layers of stalks with a minimum content of waste impurities and minimal loss of seeds. According to the results of the conducted researches it is recommended to install in the machine for flax harvesting a knot for stacking of stalks.
Copyright (c) 2024 Сільськогосподарські машини
SOIL HARDNESS RESEARCH RESULTS FOR «ELITA» FIELDS
The «Elita» fields are located on sandy loam and sandy soils, which have different hardness in different areas of the same field. Such a characteristic of the soil does not contribute to the realization of the potential of oilseed plants. The problem becomes particularly urgent in the event of a critical decrease in moisture in the arable layer of the soil. In fact, oilseed plants, thanks to their root system, are able to use the moisture below the arable layer of the soil, when the hardness of the soil in these layers is optimal for the penetration of the root system. Therefore, a methodology has been developed and a study has been carried out on the soil hardness of the defined «Elita» fields in order to optimize the work on their deep loosening. The research used a methodology based on the use of the Lan-M PRO hardness tester, a mobile application for creating a uniform grid of hardness measurements on a given field with reference to GPS coordinates, and the FIELD-M Archive Viewer 2.4 program. According to the developed methodology, soil hardness was measured at two points on each hectare of the field. On the basis of the values obtained as a result of the research, cartograms of field hardness were created for soil layers at depths from 25 cm to 50 cm with steps of 5 cm. Based on the analysis of the cartograms, recommendations for deep loosening of the studied fields were developed. The obtained recommendations make it possible to limit the tillage depth of the majority of the fields to 45 cm. It was also established that in order to take into account the variation in the distribution of soil hardness of the fields according to their area and depth, shown on the cartograms, it is necessary to study and implement new principles of deep tillage. By introducing new principles of depth processing, it will be possible to develop a tool capable of modifying the depth of each individual organ in real time according to cartograms.
STUDY OF ROLLER AND CENTRIFUGAL METHODS OF HEMP SEED SHELLING
The object of the research is the technological processes of crushing, roller and centrifugal crushers, efficiency (number of kernels) of crushing hemp seeds. The process of crushing the seeds helps to increase the nutritional value of the food product. Modern technical-technological solutions for crushing the seeds of agricultural crops are based on taking into account its physical and technological properties. The heterogeneity of seed structures makes it impossible to use universal methods and mechanisms of collapse. According to the results of the conducted research, the advantages of centrifugal breakers with a closed sector-type impeller compared to roller-type breakers have been established. In the case of a centrifugal crusher, the highest yield of crushed kernels (15.36%) was obtained for processing seeds with a moisture content of 15.0%. The highest level of collapsed kernels under the conditions of using a roller crusher was 12.64% for the processing of seeds with a fraction of 3.75 mm. One of the significant advantages of centrifugal crushers is the ability to crush seeds without prior separation into fractions. On roller-type equipment, the dependence of the effectiveness of hemp seed crushing on both the space between the rollers and the size of the seed fractions was noted. For an interval of 0.5 mm, an increase in the size of the fractions from 3.25 to 3.75 mm enabled a corresponding increase in the number of collapsed cores from 4.16% to 12.64%. For a gap between the rollers of 1.0 mm, the observed rate was 3.97-6.55%. Both on the equipment of the roller and centrifugal types, the effectiveness of the collapse depends on the moisture content of the hemp seeds. Under centrifugal collapse, an increase in seed moisture from 8% to 15% led to a corresponding increase (by 12.52%) in the percentage of collapsed kernels from 2.84% to 15.36%. The working wheel of the closed sectoral type of the centrifugal crusher does not create excessive air flow in the working chamber and makes it impossible to crush the seeds.
Copyright (c) 2024 В.О. Шейченко, Д.О. Петраченко, М.В. Шевчук, Д.В. Шейченко
RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF THE HOMOGENIZER-DISPERSER OF LIQUID FEED FOR PIGS
Effective pig farming is impossible without providing animals with high quality, balanced feed at a competitive price and in the required quantity. The article analyzes the dependences determined during the experiment between various parameters of liquid feed production. In particular, changes in the content of 0–0.5 mm particles in the mixture depend on the frequency of rotation of the rotor, the diameter of the stator inlet and the operating time of the equipment. It was also found that the index of stratification of the mixture varies depending on the same parameters. The temperature of the mixture, the power consumption of the electric motor and the energy consumption also change according to the frequency of rotation of the rotor, the diameter of the inlet hole of the stator and the operating time of the equipment. The energy consumption was calculated as the product of the power consumption of the electric motor and the operating time of the equipment. In order to evaluate the influence of each of these factors on the optimization criteria of the liquid feed preparation process, studies were conducted according to the Box-Benkin D-optimal plan matrix of the second order for three factors. Each experiment was carried out in three replicates to ensure the reliability of the results obtained. The dependencies of the specific energy consumption for the execution of the process also vary from these factors. Particularly interesting is the fact that when the value of the indicator of stratification of the mixture is less than 5% and the efficiency indicator is minimized, the optimal value of the equipment operation time is observed in the range from 45.1 to 50.4 minutes for different types of input material. The specific energy consumption indicator also depends on the type of grain used. The lowest specific energy consumption is: for soybeans – 0.696 MJ/kg, for wheat – 0.794 MJ/kg, for barley – 0.896 MJ/kg.
RESEARCH OF THE WIDE-BREAD METHOD OF SOWING SPRING BARLEY AND THE SEEDER FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION
Barley is important for feeding animals, making cereal, and brewing beer. The importance of barley-based products for human nutrition is that barley protein contains substances that help to significantly reduce cholesterol levels in the blood. Recently, the price of barley grain has increased in contrast to wheat. The high cost of traditional mineral fertilizers does not help to use them in optimal doses for growing agricultural crops. In such conditions, post-harvest sowing of siderates can be considered as an alternative to spring barley. The classical scheme of sowing barley is sowing with a row width of 15 cm. Domestic and global manufacturers of sowing equipment offer the possibility of sowing barley using strip technology or wide row method. At the same time, the global trend of consumption of organic products is actively spreading also in Ukraine. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to study the influence of strip seeding method on the yield of spring barley and the effectiveness of inter-row cultivation as a weed control measure, and to develop a seeding scheme for strip seeding of cereals. As a result of the field research it was established that the 8-37-8 cm strip sowing scheme of spring barley allows to obtain the yield of organic grain of spring barley of the variety RGT PLANET at the level of the indicators of this variety given in the characteristics for the conditions of Polissia. The obtained value of the weight of 1000 seeds indicates an increase in the quality indicators of the crop in comparison with the usual method of row sowing. On the basis of the obtained results of the experimental research a functional scheme of the seeder for strip sowing of grain crops according to the 8-37-8 cm scheme was developed. The basis of such a seeder is the sectional sowing with two supporting wheels, an anchor coulter and a flow divider.
CLASSIFICATION OF FUEL TYPES FROM AGRICULTURAL CROP BIOMASS
After harvesting the main crop (grains, seeds), unused plant biomass remains on the fields in Ukraine. Domestic technologies for processing such biomass are not sufficiently developed. One of the reasons for the slow development of post-harvest processing technologies and their limited use as a raw material for fuel is the lack of classification of fuel types. As a result of the research it was established that it is possible to classify types of fuel from biomass of agricultural crops according to many characteristics. The main ones are physical condition and type of raw materials. It was also established that the most important and suitable for processing are the stalks of crops: cereals, maize, sunflower, bast and oil crops. Based on these data, a generalized classification of the main types of fuels that can be produced from the biomass of the stalks of these crops was created. It also includes a new type of fuel – small fuel rolls. The practical significance of the proposed classification lies in the optimization of the processes of collection, storage and processing of biomass of agricultural crops for fuel production. The developed classification allows farmers and agricultural companies to plan the use of biomass from agricultural crops for energy production, reduce fuel costs and increase the profitability of the farm. It will also facilitate the development of regional energy programs that take into account local crop biomass resources. The fuel produced from the biomass of the stalks of agricultural crops can be used in individual and centralized power and heat supply, transport. The main advantages of fuel from biomass of agricultural crops are environmental friendliness and renewability. Restoration, reconstruction, construction of new thermal power plants, boiler houses, power generation and production of cheap fuel for them is a relevant task today.
Copyright (c) 2024 C.В. Ягелюк, М.І. Фомич
ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF ONION HARVESTING MACHINES
Onion is a vegetable crop that is one of the most needed in the food industry. Onion farms use various agrotechnical measures to increase productivity and preserve the crop. Onion harvesting is a complex technological process, which is often carried out manually, resulting in financial losses for farmers. In Ukraine, the level of mechanization of onion (Allium cepa L.) harvesting is relatively low compared to other vegetable crops such as potatoes. Mechanization of onion harvesting with the help of potato diggers is not rational due to the significant difference in the physical and mechanical properties of the onion, which causes significant trauma to the onion. The article discusses various onion harvesting technologies and technical means for their implementation. The main factors that characterize single-phase and two-phase onion harvesting technologies are determined. An analysis of the complex of foreign onion harvesting machines designed for the implementation of single-phase and two-phase onion harvesting technologies was carried out. It was found out that there are no machines of domestic production. Only in 2023 Ukraine produced a prototype of an onion harvester. The review of onion harvesting machines showed that the main direction of their development is the creation of machines with high efficiency of technological operations and combination of several operations. The use of such machines by agricultural producers will ensure fuel economy and high quality of products, reduce the use of manual labor. In order to secure the domestic market for onions, reduce the import of vegetables and restore the status of Ukraine as an onion exporter, it is important to activate the development of domestic equipment, taking into account the characteristics of soils, the organization of production processes in Ukraine, as well as the main trends in the development of technologies and machinery for this industry.
Copyright (c) 2024 О.Г. Змієвська, Н.О. Ювчик
DEVELOPING A CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL ROBOTS
The introduction of sustainable methods of agriculture, soil and plant condition monitoring is carried out through the optimization of agricultural production management, the introduction of innovative design and technological solutions, as well as digital technologies. An important role in this process is played by agricultural machinery and automation technologies, which allow monitoring and forecasting of work, reduce the cost of finished products, improve their quality indicators, solve personnel problems and reduce environmental impact. Manufacturers of agricultural robotics offer solutions for a variety of industries, including crop and livestock farming. According to a specific agricultural task, the robot has certain design, kinematic and energy characteristics. Despite the various designs of robots, there is still no developed classification of agricultural robots, which are only divided into groups by type and application. The article presents the results of the analysis of models of agricultural robots. The analysis is reduced to features that can be used to classify agricultural robots. For this purpose, a focused interview was conducted, which made it possible to determine the most important classification features, on the basis of which it would be possible to justify the choice of a robot for a specific agricultural production, taking into account its needs. During the research, information was obtained that was the basis for the development of a classification of robots. The main characteristics suggested by the focus groups for the basis of the classification were: field of application, degree of specialization, type of drive, type of motor, control system. The authors of the article also suggested additional characteristics: type of production, mass of work, mobility, energy source, type of work, duration of work without recharging.
Copyright (c) 2024 О.О. Налобіна, М.В. Голотюк, В.С. Пуць, А.О. Михайлов
MODELING OF THE PROCESS OF RECLAMATION MACHINE OPERATION DURING SOIL FILLING
Reclamation is an important factor of intensification of agricultural production and scientific and technical progress in agriculture. The main goal of agricultural reclamation is to create optimal conditions for the production of agricultural products. Hydromelioration is one of the most time-consuming and widespread forms of land reclamation, i.e., it is a set of measures and structures that ensure the improvement of the natural conditions for agricultural land use by regulating the water regime of soils. Canals are the main elements of reclamation systems. Ensuring the quality operation of channels with the required bandwidth guarantees the effective operation of the entire reclamation system. The article describes the operation of a rotary soil distributor. It has been studied that the quality of the machine's operation is ensured by selecting the design parameters of the rotor blades, their installation angles, the position of the directional ejection nozzle and the value of the linear speed of soil ejection. The soil on the slope is spread with a fan-like jet evenly over the entire length of the ejection. The law of movement of the soil through the blade has been established as a function of a number of geometric and kinematic parameters: the angle of installation of the blade; the length, width and curvature of the blade; the speed of rotation of the rotor. The dimensions of the spreading belt were determined. It has been studied that the main requirement for metal distributors is the uniformity of soil distribution along the entire length of the throw. To meet this requirement, the rotor alternates flat and curved blades. Thanks to this, it is possible to extend the range of changes in the magnitude and direction of the absolute speed of throwing at a constant frequency of rotation of the rotor.
Copyright (c) 2024 А.В. Шимко, О.З. Бундза, В.Л. Мартинюк
OVERVIEW OF DESIGNS OF PNEUMATIC SEEDING DEVICES OF SEEDERS
Sowing is one of the most responsible processes in crop production. Identifying the potential of a crop variety or hybrid depends on the quality of sowing. The result of growing agricultural crops also depends on the quality of sowing. The production conditions of crop production are also important, in particular the farming system used on the farm and the size of the cultivated area. When sowing, it is impossible to make mistakes that have a significant impact on the final result of agriculture. The high cost of high quality seeds makes it necessary to ensure the accuracy of sowing. The task of precision sowing is to obtain an even distribution of seeds over the field area to ensure the same area of nutrition and proper conditions for plant development. Quality of sowing depends on the speed of the process, the quality of seed placement and compliance with the specified depth of its appearance, as well as the degree of damage to the seed material. The result of the quality work of the seeder is obtaining friendly and uniform seedlings. When choosing modern sowing device, it is necessary to pay attention to proper technical service and adaptability of the equipment to working conditions. According to the principle of operation, seeders are divided into mechanical and pneumatic with mechanical or electric drive. The article presents the results of the analysis of performance indicators of seeders for row crops. In particular, the characteristics of the design of pneumatic seeders of the leading manufacturers of agricultural machinery (John Deere, Amazone, Kverneland, etc.) were analyzed. Advantages and disadvantages of their operation are determined. To date, the most popular vacuum seeders are of the disc type. The main advantages of these seeders are that they do not damage the seed and have compact dimensions. On the basis of the analysis, further directions for improvement of the design of pneumatic sowing devices of seeders were formed.
Copyright (c) 2024 Р.В. Ференц, К.В. Васильковська, Р.В. Кірчук
IMPROVEMENT OF QUALITY INDICATORS OF SOWING PROCESS
The overall efficiency of growing agricultural crops is formed by a number of different factors, in particular, qualitative indicators of the performance of technological processes. Special attention is paid to the process of sowing, in particular to its qualitative indicators, including the uniformity of sowing. Uniformity of sowing, further development of plants, as well as formation and harvest of the crop depend on this indicator. Uniformity of seed sowing also depends on many factors, including the design of the coulters and seeding sections. Also, special attention is paid to seeders and their working bodies, which must ensure the given qualitative indicators of the execution of the technological process. One of the known areas of improvement for these implements is to provide them with additional design elements designed to forcibly hold the seeds at a certain depth before it is covered with soil. The purpose of the research is to determine the possibility of increasing the uniformity of seed wrapping in the soil by using wrappers equipped with original additional structural elements. Scientists have proposed several design innovations to solve this problem, but there is no experimental confirmation of their effectiveness. To fill this gap, experimental field studies were conducted on sliding coulters with and without a retention heel. The coefficient of variation of the numerical values of the sowing depth was chosen as an indicator of uniformity. The sowing depth of the coulters and the working speed of the seeder were chosen as factors influencing the process. It was found that the coulter equipped with a heel allows to increase the uniformity of the seed covering by 6%, which is the basis for further researches on the justification and optimization of the design and technological parameters of the proposed coulter elements.
Copyright (c) 2024 В.М. Сало, Б.Г Вовнянко, С.М. Лещенко, П.Г. Лузан