Modern technologies and methods of calculations in construction
The journal “Modern Technologies and Methods of Calculations in Construction” is included in Category B of the List of Scientific Professional Publications of Ukraine in accordance with the Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine No. 886 dated July 2, 2020. Registration certificate KV No. 20340-10140R dated May 31, 2013. Register of Scientific Professional Publications of Ukraine The journal is registered by the National Council of Ukraine on Television and Radio Broadcasting (Decision No. 40 dated January 11, 2024). Media identifier: R30-02453. Publisher DOI prefix: 10.36910 ISSN: 2410-6208 (print) The journal publishes the results of original fundamental and applied research within Cluster G “Industrial and Construction Technologies, Logistics, Transport” (in accordance with the Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine dated January 19, 2026), in the following specialties: G17 – Architecture and Urban Planning, G18 – Geodesy and Land Management, G19 – Building and Civil Engineering. Founder and publisher: Lutsk National Technical University EDRPOU code: 05477296. Year of establishment: 2013. Link to the journal on the publisher’s website: https://eforum.lntu.edu.ua/index.php/construction/uk/ Publication frequency: two issues per year (June, December). Language: Ukrainian, English. Editor-in-Chief: Oleksandr Valentynovych Andriichuk All materials are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License, which permits others to share the manuscript with proper attribution to the authors and acknowledgment of the first publication in this journal.
Луцький національний технічний університет
Effectiveness of a complex additive based on a superplasticizer and a grinding intensifier for oil-well cement
The article presents the results of a study of the effectiveness of a complex additive containing a polycarboxylate superplasticizer and a grinding intensifier during the production of oil-well cement in a cement ball mill. Established quantitative grinding regime parameters and the main properties of oil-well cement. Determined general directions for improving the oil-well cement grinding process. Presented the general trend of intensification of the cement grinding process when using various combinations of additive components, based on the specific surface area of cement. Determined ways to reduce the water separation of oil-well cement with the complex action of the additive composition. Presented possible ways to reduce the water-cement ratio with sufficient spreading of the oil-well cement and ensuring its plasticity properties. It is determined that the combination of a superplasticizer in an amount of 0.05% and propylene glycol 0.1% by weight of cement makes it possible to achieve a low water separation index when cement paste spreading up to 260 mm. Obtained results make it possible to reduce the amount of mix water by 20%. Presented the dynamics of changes in the strength indicators of oil-well cement with different combinations of the studied additives. The introduction of the proposed additives during grinding ensures sufficient homogeneity of mixing with cement. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the introduction of the proposed complex additive can serve simultaneously as a grinding intensifier and a modifier of the main properties of oil-well cement.
oil-well cement, specific surface area, superplasticizer, propylene glycol, free water separation, spreading
Copyright (c) 2026 Modern technologies and methods of calculations in construction
Improvement of organizational and technological processes in the field of infrastructure construction using a systems approach
The article investigates the problem of improving organizational and technical processes in the field of infrastructure construction using a systems approach. The research is aimed at increasing the efficiency of infrastructure construction by applying a systems approach that integrates technological, organizational, logistical and resource subsystems. Modern infrastructure construction is characterized by the use of heterogeneous technologies, the involvement of numerous contractors, complex logistics of materials and significant dependence on external factors. Fragmented management methods focused on individual operations often lead to time delays, resource losses of up to 15% and cost overruns. The systems approach considers construction as a dynamic multi-level system, which allows you to identify "bottlenecks", coordinate subsystems and respond adaptively to disturbances. The study combines a literature review and case studies, system modeling of work processes, and digital integration using BIM and information and analytical platforms. Optimization of resource allocation and material supply schedules were simulated to estimate the reduction of construction cycle time and waste. A comparative analysis of traditional and system-integrated approaches demonstrates the advantages of coordination, transparency, and predictive management. System integration has been proven to reduce construction time by approximately 12–15%, reduce material losses by 10%, and increase project completion predictability. Coordinated planning of technological, logistical, and management subsystems minimizes cascading delays. Digital models enable early detection of design conflicts and optimize resource utilization. Adaptive system management increases resilience to supply disruptions, site constraints, and unforeseen technical challenges. Scientific novelty and practical value. The proposed approach forms a methodological basis for effective and sustainable infrastructure construction. The integration of BIM, digital platforms and optimization models ensures transparency, reliable planning and operational decision-making and contributes to the sustainable implementation of projects in a difficult socio-economic situation.
infrastructure construction; organizational and technological processes; system approach; resource optimization; adaptive planning
Stress-strain state of reinforced concrete basement floors of cowsheds after changing the loading regime
The article presents the results of a detailed instrumental examination of the load-bearing structures of prefabricated reinforced concrete basement floors of cowshed buildings No. 3, No. 4, No. 5 and No. 6, located at Adamkivska Street, Building 1 in the village of Zorya, Rivne district, Rivne region. Within the framework of these studies, measurements of the load-bearing structures of basement floors and basements of buildings were performed with the preparation of the corresponding drawings. Using non-destructive testing methods, the cubic strength of concrete of columns, beams and floor slabs was determined. Their reinforcement, the degree of loss of cross-section of concrete and reinforcement as a result of the influence of an aggressive environment were also investigated. Based on the data obtained, a set of measures to restore the initial properties of the structures was proposed. The stress-strain state of basement floors of cowshed buildings under the action of new loading modes on them from the new method of keeping cows, as well as from the use of new modern equipment was analyzed. Constructive solutions for the restoration and reinforcement of the structure of prefabricated reinforced concrete floors are proposed, which will make it possible to perceive the loads that will act after the reconstruction of buildings. Using the PC Lira-Sapr, the finite element method was used to model the operation of the prefabricated reinforced concrete frame of the above-basement floor of buildings, taking into account new types of loads. A monolithic reinforced concrete distribution slab was calculated on top of the existing floor to transfer new loads to existing structures. The use of such a solution allowed to preserve the existing floor and use its residual resource for further safe and reliable operation of the cowshed buildings.
іnstrumental survey, cowsheds, overlaps, verification calculation, finite element method, reinforcement
Simultaneous nitrification-denitrification in SBR with floating EPS carriers for dairy wastewater
The article presents the results of an experimental study and mathematical modelling of simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND) in an IFAS-SBR system with floating expanded polystyrene (EPS) carriers for treatment of dairy wastewater characterised by a low C/N ratio of 3.0–3.5. The relevance of the study is justified by the need to comply with EU Council Directive 91/271/EEC concerning nitrogen discharges and by the lack of systematic data in the literature on the performance of IFAS systems in the C/N < 4 range typical for dairy wastewater. Two parallel laboratory reactors — one loaded with 30 % by volume of EPS carriers (specific surface area 550 m²/m³, granule diameter 3–5 mm) and a control reactor without EPS — were compared using real wastewater from the SE «Ruzhyn-Moloko» dairy enterprise (capacity 300 m³/day) during 2023–2024 at a stable temperature of 20 °C, MLSS = 3.5 g/L and an SBR cycle duration of 6 h. The optimal range of dissolved oxygen concentration was determined as DO = 0.8–1.2 mg/L (with the maximum efficiency at DO = 1.0 mg/L), at which a stable two-layer biofilm structure is formed: an outer aerobic layer (0–100 µm) hosting nitrifiers and an inner anoxic layer (100–300 µm) hosting denitrifiers. Total nitrogen removal efficiency reached 86.5 % (compared to 76.0 % in the control reactor without EPS); effluent concentrations of NH₄⁺-N = 1.5 mg/L and TN = 6.5 mg/L meet the requirements of DSTU 7525:2014. Operation under low DO conditions reduced specific aeration energy consumption by 37.5 % compared to conventional schemes. The process was described by the modified activated sludge model ASM3_2N verified in AQUASIM 2.0 with RMSE ≤ 12.3 % and NSE ≥ 0.86. The obtained results may be used for the design and modernisation of local wastewater treatment plants of small and medium capacity at dairy processing enterprises.
simultaneous nitrification-denitrification, IFAS-SBR, expanded polystyrene, biofilm, ASM3, dairy wastewater
Multi-criteria mathematical model for optimizing organizational and logistics processes in civil construction
The article examines the problem of improving the efficiency of organizational and logistics processes in civil construction based on multi-criteria mathematical modeling. It is determined that traditional approaches to schedule-and-resource planning do not always ensure coordination between work execution timelines, resource needs, supply capabilities, storage capacity, and the throughput capacity of logistics nodes. This necessitates the development of a model capable of simultaneously taking into account the time, cost, resource, spatial, and reliability parameters of the construction process. The aim of the study is to substantiate a multi-criteria mathematical model for optimizing organizational and logistics processes in civil construction, which provides formalized coordination of work duration, total logistics costs, resource supply reliability, and resource balance. The methodological basis of the study consists of the principles of systems analysis, parameterization of construction logistics, structural-functional modeling, and multi-criteria optimization. The paper proposes the structure of a mathematical model that includes a system of input parameters, decision variables, objective functions, and constraints. The main optimization criteria are defined as minimizing work duration, minimizing total logistics costs, maximizing resource supply reliability, and improving resource balance. The model takes into account technological dependencies between works, resource needs, delivery time windows, storage capacity limitations, the throughput capacity of logistics nodes, and the readiness of work fronts. Computational testing of the proposed model was performed by comparing a traditional schedule-and-resource scenario with an optimized organizational and logistics scenario. The obtained results showed a reduction in project implementation duration from 395 to 381.91 days, a decrease in total logistics costs from UAH 7,581,684.17 to UAH 7,257,551.01, an increase in resource supply reliability from 0.51 to 0.8460, and an improvement in resource balance from 0.86 to 0.8815. The practical significance of the proposed approach lies in the possibility of forming a set of feasible compromise organizational and logistics alternatives that can be used to support managerial decision-making during the planning, adjustment, and implementation of civil construction projects.
civil engineering, organizational and logistics processes, multi-criteria optimization, construction logistics, Pareto-efficient solutions
Analysis of organizational and technological solutions using innovative materials in the restoration of bridge structures
The article presents the results of a theoretical substantiation and practical implementation of organisational and technological solutions for repair, restoration and reconstruction works of bridge structures damaged during operation or as a result of emergency impacts. The proposed solutions are based on scientific developments of Kharkiv researchers in the field of construction technologies, reconstruction engineering and the use of modern composite and repair materials. Particular attention is paid to improving the efficiency of restoration processes under conditions of limited time, resources and the need to ensure uninterrupted operation of transport infrastructure facilities. A general concept for the restoration of bridge structures has been developed, which considers the entire life cycle of the facility - from inspection and assessment of technical condition to the selection of optimal organisational and technological measures, implementation of repair works and further monitoring of operational reliability. Based on this concept, an enlarged algorithm for making engineering decisions has been proposed. The algorithm allows the determination of the most effective restoration scenario depending on the degree of damage, operational conditions, economic feasibility and available technical resources. Several possible alternatives are considered, including conservation of the structure, partial strengthening, complete reconstruction or dismantling of the facility with subsequent replacement. The developed calculation models and organisational-technological schemes include the use of modern repair technologies, high-performance equipment, fibre-reinforced composites, polymer-modified repair mortars and innovative methods for strengthening load-bearing structures. The proposed approaches enable optimisation of labour resources, reduction of construction and installation time, minimisation of traffic interruptions and improvement of occupational safety during repair works.
bridge structures, reconstruction, composite materials, structural strengthening, infrastructure durability
Comparative analysis of numerical methods for calculating flexible foundation plates on an elastic foundation taking into account geometric nonlinearity
The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the efficiency and accuracy of numerical methods in solving problems of structural mechanics, in particular, in calculating flexible foundation plates interacting with an elastic foundation. The relevance of the study is justified by modern trends in the construction of large-span and high-rise buildings, where the use of thin foundation plates leads to significant deflections commensurate with the thickness of the structure itself. In such cases, the classical linear calculation theory yields a significant error, which requires the use of a geometrically nonlinear apparatus based on the system of Theodore von Karman differential equations. The classical one-parameter Winkler model is used as a mathematical model of the interaction of the plate with the soil. The main focus of the work is on comparing two grid methods: the generalized finite difference method (FDM) and the successive approximation method (SAM), the specificity of which lies in the use of piecewise polynomial functions (splines) to construct differentiation matrices. To implement the algorithms, the authors developed computational programs in the MATLAB environment, which allow performing the iterative process of finding a nonlinear solution. During the study, a square foundation plate, rigidly clamped along the contour, under the action of a uniformly distributed load was calculated. A series of calculations were carried out on grids of varying density (from a step of h=1/4 to h=1/64). At the first stage, the obtained results were compared with classical analytical solutions of the nonlinear plate theory without considering the foundation. It has been proven that the successive approximation method (SAM) demonstrates a higher convergence rate and better accuracy on coarse computational grids compared to the classical FDM. In particular, the discrepancy of the maximum deflections for the SAM is less than 3% even at a grid step of h=1/16, while to achieve similar accuracy in the FDM, further grid refinement is required. At the second stage, the behavior of the same plate resting on a continuous elastic foundation was numerically investigated. It was found that taking into account the soil subgrade reaction using the Winkler model leads to a decrease in the maximum deflections of the structure by an average of 15% compared to the plate without a foundation. At the same time, the SAM algorithm maintains its computational stability, ensuring the stabilization of displacements and bending moments already on the h=1/16 grid without the accumulation of errors typical for the FDM in the zones of edge effects. The research results confirm the feasibility of using SAM algorithms in computer-aided design (CAD) software for building structures to increase the reliability of assessing the stress-strain state of foundations in the presence of geometric nonlinearity.
structural mechanics, foundation plate, geometric nonlinearity, von Karman equations, Winkler elastic foundation, successive approximation method, finite difference method.
Сomparison of series and parallel electrodetonator network when passing tunnels
Tunnel blasting is a complex engineering process that requires precise control of explosion initiation systems. Electric detonators are widely used in underground construction, where their connection scheme (serial, parallel) significantly affects: safety, efficiency and reliability. This paper presents a comparative analysis of serial and parallel electrical circuits for connecting electric detonators in tunnel conditions. The review of current research and scientific literature on the comparison electrical network’s serial and parallel circuits of detonators used in tunnel blasting works is conducted. Based on the review, the goal and objectives of the study are set to calculate, construct and analyze the physical quantities’ dependences of electric detonator network’s serial and parallel circuits on their parameters when passing through tunnels. . The current strength in the main conductor is not able to provide a guarantee current, the value of which must be at least 2.5 A, regardless of the considered alternating voltage's value and the serially connected detonator’s electrical network. With a parallel connection scheme, copper and aluminium conductors fully provide the guaranteed current in the main conductor at the entire range of its parameters under study, regardless of the alternating voltage's value when passing through tunnels, except for the use of a copper main conductor with a length of 2000 m and a cross-sectional area of 0.75 mm2 at a voltage of 220 V. Galvanized steel with a cross-sectional area of 1.1 mm2 is not able to provide the guaranteed current at the main conductor 1000 m length or more and the 380 V voltage, as well as at the main conductor 500 m length or more and the 220 V voltage. When developing large tunnels at once for the entire cross-sectional area intended for railway tunnels with at least two tracks or highways 10 m or more wide, the use of a serial connection scheme for detonators is impossible; it is advisable to use a parallel scheme. The results may be useful for engineers when selecting initiation systems.
aluminium, copper, current strength, detonator, galvanized steel, series and parallel electrodetonator network, tunnel, wire resistance.
Discrete-Voxel Optimization of Parametric Models of Urban Infrastructure
This paper develops and validates a discrete-voxel modelling method for the quantitative assessment of microdistrict changes when a new residential building is introduced into existing urban infrastructure. Urban space is represented as a regular 3D grid with a discrete functional state for each cell. Using the integration of a 108-apartment building into an established neighbourhood, we simulate changes in volumetric and planar building density, insolation regime and solar-gain balance, transport accessibility, and green-space provision. The model is implemented in MagicaVoxel: the base grid step is 3 m, and voxel states encode land-use types (built-up, transport, green areas, etc.), enabling algorithmic computation of areas, volumes, and distances. Density is evaluated by global and local measures; insolation by an energy-balance calculation for a representative winter day; accessibility by minimum travel time to transport hubs. For a 10-storey option, volumetric density increases by 1.8%, insolation potential decreases by ~11%, average accessibility time rises by 8–9%, and green-space indicators drop by 2–3% while remaining within regulatory limits. A height variation study (10–12–15 storeys) identifies threshold values where insolation and transport performance deteriorate markedly, providing a basis for selecting acceptable design ranges. Due to the grid-based structure, computations are scalable and well suited to early-stage decision support and rapid comparison of alternatives. Overall, the approach offers a transparent multi-criteria workflow that can be extended to automated search of parameter sets under normative constraints.
discrete-voxel modelling, parametrics, infrastructure parameter optimization, discretization of urban space.
Assessment of Energy Efficiency and Smart City Principles over the Full Building Life Cycle
The life cycle of a building comprises the following main stages: design, construction, operation and decommissioning. At each of these stages, corresponding energy efficiency indicators are established. This article presents an integrated analysis of the results of an expert survey (n = 103, 48 indicators) on energy efficiency and Smart City principles at all stages of a building’s life cycle. Each indicator was assessed using a 5-point Likert scale. High expert support for the proposed sustainability model and the validity of the developed assessment tool (Cronbach’s α = 0.997) were confirmed. The structure of the survey is based on the modules of standard EN 15978:2011: Block 1 — Planning and Design (A1–A3), Block 2 — Construction (A4–A5), Block 3 — Operation (B1–B7), Block 4 — Demolition/end-of-life (C1–C4). The experts assigned the highest importance to the design and operation stages, where the potential to influence the energy efficiency and functioning of the building is greatest. The operation stage demonstrated the highest level of consensus in the assessments, with the efficiency of HVAC systems (M = 4.64) and energy-efficient lighting with smart control (M = 4.55) identified as priority indicators. The lowest ratings were given to the demolition and material reuse stage, indicating an insufficient level of development of circular economy principles. The lowest scores were given to the stage involving the dismantling and reuse of materials, which indicates an insufficient level of development of circular economy principles. A synthesis of the results enabled the formation of a ‘design-operation core’ of building sustainability, comprising: preliminary analysis of energy requirements, passive architectural solutions, optimisation of building orientation, efficiency of HVAC systems, and smart lighting. Prospects for further research relate to adapting the proposed approach to different types of buildings, integrating LCA analysis, and developing a dynamic sustainability index that will take into account the development of smart technologies and the circular economy.
building life cycle, Smart City, energy efficiency, circular economy, expert survey, urban planning
Conceptual Foundations and Directions of Revitalisation of Industrial and Depressed Areas of Ukrainian Cities in the Context of Sustainable Development
The article examines the conceptual foundations of revitalization of industrial and depressed territories as a complex process of transforming obsolete urban spaces and a tool for the sustainable development of modern cities. Historical preconditions for the emergence of brownfields and depressed areas are analysed, and international experience of EU countries (Germany, France, the Netherlands), Great Britain, Canada and Japan in overcoming territorial depression is summarised. The classification of brownfields according to the A-B-C model (self-developing, potential development, undeveloped) is systematised, and the economic feasibility of revitalization for each category is substantiated: A-sites do not require state funding; B-sites require partial state support or tax preferences; C-sites are revitalised mainly with state funding for environmental and safety reasons. Four key components of revitalization are identified: economic (restoration of investment attractiveness), social (integration of citizens, creation of public spaces), ecological (cleaning of the environment, nature-based solutions) and spatial (changing the structure of territory use). The main directions of transformation of industrial territories in Ukraine are determined: conversion into public-business zones (business centres, shopping malls, creative clusters), residential development (subject to compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements) and recreational spaces (parks, squares, public spaces). Three functional models of transformation are also distinguished: preservation of the industrial function, partial change of function and complete change of function. Ukrainian examples of revitalization (Platforma art-factory, Bilshovyk space, Artem creative space, ReZavod, Promprylad. Renovation) are considered. Based on the analysis of the structure of land use of Kyiv, the potential of industrial territory revitalization (≈6.9 thousand hectares, or 7.9-8% of the city area) is estimated, and a comparison with the structure of land use of Berlin, Warsaw and Paris is made. A list of urban planning, volumetric-planning, structural, ecological and aesthetic factors of successful implementation of revitalization projects is formulated. The further development of revitalization processes in Ukraine requires the improvement of the regulatory framework harmonised with European standards (Leipzig Charter, EU Nature Restoration Law, Davos Baukultur System, New European Bauhaus) and the formation of effective public-private partnership mechanisms.
revitalization, brownfields, depressed territories, reconstruction, sustainable development, urban planning
Integration of Sentinel-2 data and the Google Earth Engine platform for spatiotemporal monitoring of peat extraction locations
This study presents a comprehensive spatiotemporal analysis of the ecological transformation and dynamics of the vegetation cover at the “Koz-Berezina” peat deposit (Volyn Oblast, Ukraine) under the influence of anthropogenic pressure. Given the intensive industrial exploitation of peatlands in the Ukrainian Polissya, which is inevitably accompanied by a radical change in the hydrological regime, degradation of natural habitats, the formation of a loose layer of peat crumbs, and an increased fire hazard, the need for continuous cross-scale monitoring of such areas has become extremely urgent. The aim of this study is to quantitatively and spatially assess the extent of ecosystem devastation resulting from open-pit peat extraction, as well as to identify processes of natural flora recovery (secondary succession) over a 9-year period (2017–2025). Multispectral images with high spatial and temporal resolution from the Sentinel-2 satellite mission were used as the primary source of geospatial data. Data processing was performed in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud environment and GIS QGIS. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) served as the primary biophysical indicator of the state and volume of phytomass. For in-depth spatial modeling of ecosystem development vectors and visualization of area transitions between different NDVI classes from year to year, flow analysis using a Sankey diagram was applied. The results of long-term monitoring indicate a heterogeneous response of the wetland ecosystem to anthropogenic intervention. A distinct spatial localization of the focal point of ecological devastation was recorded directly within the quarry zone (Dolyna tract), where NDVI values dropped critically (below 0.1–0.2) as a result of vegetation removal. An analysis of transition dynamics confirms that the highest level of degradation and spatial expansion of areas with exposed peat will occur in 2023–2024. At the same time, the study revealed high ecological plasticity and strong regenerative potential of the deposit’s background ecosystem. It was established that the overall linear trend of NDVI values for the entire study period remains stable with a positive slope. As of 2025, the territorial expansion of peat extraction has ceased. Analysis of the Sankei diagram clearly visualizes macro-stabilization and an upward trend at the end of the period: significant areas of vegetation have massively shifted to higher NDVI classes (0.8–1.0). It has been established that the integration of open Sentinel-2 multispectral optical data, the capabilities of the GEE platform, and methods for visualizing transition dynamics is an objective, reliable, and highly effective approach for environmental monitoring of active peatlands, enabling the optimization of strategies for sustainable natural resource use and wetland management.
remote sensing, industrial peatlands, NDVI, Sentinel-2 multispectral data, Google Earth Engine (GEE), vegetation dynamics
Comparative analysis of comprehensive software packages for geotechnical numerical modelling
The article considers the issue of selecting universal software packages for geotechnical numerical modelling of the soil-structure interaction system. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to account for the spatial behaviour of the soil mass, construction staging, contact interaction, seepage processes, and nonlinear soil behaviour. The aim of the study is to perform a comparative analysis of universal software packages for geotechnical modelling and to determine their comparative suitability for typical geotechnical design tasks and tasks of increased engineering complexity. The main groups of software are systematized: universal geotechnical software packages, general-purpose numerical modelling software packages, and specialized programs for specific geotechnical calculations. PLAXIS 3D, MIDAS GTS NX, FLAC3D, ZSoil, and Abaqus were selected for detailed comparison. The assessment was performed according to five criteria: soil model libraries, modelling of foundation systems, support for staged construction, automation of calculations and result processing, calculation stability and convergence control. PLAXIS 3D achieved the highest total score, demonstrating the most balanced capabilities for engineering geotechnical modelling. MIDAS GTS NX also showed high suitability, particularly for foundation systems and staged construction tasks. FLAC3D is appropriate for problems involving pronounced nonlinearity, large deformations, and geomechanical features. ZSoil provides sufficient functionality, provided that the numerical formulation is properly controlled. Abaqus is effective for nonstandard contact and research-oriented tasks. However, it requires more extensive methodological preparation. The obtained results can be used when selecting a software package for modelling foundation soils, foundations, and soil-structure interaction systems.
soil-structure interaction, constitutive soil models, piles, combined piled-raft foundation, geotechnical numerical modelling, PLAXIS 3D, MIDAS GTS NX
Justification of traffic light regulation parameters as an engineering arrangement of streets and roads for the organization of traffic on a city street
The article considers the issue of substantiating the parameters of traffic light regulation and improving the organization of road traffic on a city highway with intensive transport and pedestrian traffic. Particular attention is paid to increasing the efficiency of the functioning of a controlled intersection in conditions of significant intensity of traffic flows and high concentration of pedestrian traffic, which is characteristic of the modern city street and road network, especially for residential areas. A comprehensive analysis of the planning characteristics of the studied area, the geometric parameters of the roadway, the conditions of vehicles movement and pedestrians, as well as the features of the organization of traffic within the intersection, was carried out. In the process of scientific research, an assessment of the traffic flows intensity and pedestrian traffic by direction was performed, saturation flows were determined for individual lanes and phase coefficients were calculated, which made it possible to establish rational parameters for the operation of the traffic light facility. Based on the results obtained, the optimal duration of the traffic light regulation cycle was calculated, and the time parameters of individual phases and intermediate cycles were determined, considering the requirements of road safety, the capacity of the intersection and the need to ensure safe crossing of the carriageway by pedestrians. When developing measures to improve road traffic management, the needs of low-mobility population groups were taken into account, in particular, the requirements for the accessibility of pedestrian infrastructure and sufficient duration of pedestrian intervals. Engineering and organizational solutions were proposed, aimed at reducing traffic delays, increasing the level of safety for all road users, and the operation modes of traffic light regulation were optimized and more comfortable and safe travel conditions were created for all categories of users of the street and road network.
traffic light regulation, traffic organization, phase coefficient, saturation flow, regulation cycle, traffic safety
Methods of Green Zone Reconstruction in High-Density Residential Blocks: An Inclusive Approach (Case Study of the Hushcha Block in Lutsk)
Today, the strategic renovation and comprehensive expansion of landscape and recreational infrastructure within Ukraine’s urban areas have become of critical importance. Full-scale military aggression has led to a rapid increase in the number of citizens – both war veterans and civilians – who require long-term recovery and high-quality, inclusive rehabilitation directly within residential communities. The existing network of public green spaces in residential areas, particularly in densely built-up neighborhoods, fails to meet modern accessibility standards and occupational therapy needs, creating an urgent need for systematic approaches to modernizing public spaces. This study examines the urgent need to revitalize the recreational framework of urban neighborhoods, specifically analyzing the challenges associated with the lack of an inclusive environment and the neglect of areas adjacent to residential buildings. Using the example of the Hushcha neighborhood in Lutsk, which, due to high building density, faces critical pressure on its green spaces, the paper justifies the prospects for creating multifunctional rehabilitation zones. Particular attention is paid to the principles of spatial planning, the creation of therapeutic landscapes, and the integration of existing spaces adapted to the needs of people with limited mobility. The redevelopment of green spaces, based on the principles of transformability and multifunctionality, allows for the rapid adaptation of a site’s functional purpose to the dynamic needs of residents, ranging from active physical rehabilitation to peaceful psychological recovery. The implementation of environmentally oriented solutions, in particular “urban gardens” and vertical greening, should be viewed not as a one-time improvement but as a long-term social investment. Such a strategy not only guarantees the constitutional right to a dignified and accessible environment for every affected person but also significantly increases the resilience of the urban healthcare and social protection system. The study’s findings confirm that the scientifically grounded modernization of recreational areas in the Hushcha neighborhood contributes to the creation of a comprehensive restorative environment that integrates the physical and psycho-emotional components of rehabilitation. This not only optimizes recovery processes but also ensures the full social integration of patients, improves the quality of their daily lives, and strengthens social cohesion within the residential community.
urban reconstruction, inclusiveness, green zones, Hushcha block, multifunctional space, rehabilitation environment, accessibility.QGIS software package
Improved methodology for the reconstruction of engineering equipment in individual residential buildings damaged as a result of military actions
The article examines the issue of improving the methodology for the reconstruction of engineering equipment in damaged buildings through the implementation of energy-saving technologies. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to modernize Ukraine’s building stock in the context of post-war recovery, reduce energy consumption, and decrease operating costs. Particular attention is paid to the modernization of heat supply systems and the assessment of the feasibility of using modern heat-generating equipment. The object of the study is the methodology for the reconstruction of the engineering equipment of an individual two-story residential building. The subject of the research is the methods of improving the energy efficiency of the heating system through equipment modernization and the application of energy-saving technologies. The study applies a comprehensive approach that includes analysis of the technical condition of the building, assessment of energy performance indicators, and comparative analysis of heat supply options. The study found that the building’s heat supply system had lost its operational capacity due to damage to the boiler equipment, while natural ventilation caused significant heat losses and increased energy consumption. The calculated heating load of the building is approximately 14 kW, and the estimated annual thermal energy consumption is about 18 thousand kWh. The paper considers four heating system options: underfloor water heating with an electric boiler, a solid-fuel boiler, a heat pump, a solar power station, and electric floor heating. Comparative analysis showed that the system with an electric boiler has the highest operating costs, while the use of a solid-fuel boiler requires constant technical maintenance. The most appropriate option was determined to be the heat pump system, which ensures reduced energy resource costs and improved energy efficiency of the heat supply system.
building reconstruction, engineering equipment, heating system, heat pump, energy saving
Technical inspection of the supporting structures of the polygonal steel flagpole on B. Khmelnytskyi Square in the city of Uzhhorod
Inspection of steel structures of a polygonal steel flagpole during the reconstruction of the existing foundation for the flagpole installation on B. Khmelnytskyi Square in the city of Uzhgorod was carried out to assess its technical condition and operational suitability. The flagpole is a steel conical polygonal structure, the three sections of which are connected by the self-installation method and are coated by the hot-dip galvanizing method. On the support shaft there are structural elements (rollers) necessary for raising and lowering the flag using an electric drive. According to the design documentation, the flagpole in assembled form has a total height of 30 m, diameter near the support part - 850 mm, in the upper part - 200 mm. The thickness of the metal of the lower section is 5 mm, the two upper ones - 4 mm. The support point on the foundation is reinforced with a steel plate with a diameter of 1180 mm and a thickness of 30 mm with vertical stiffening ribs and 20 holes for anchors. On the day of the inspection, the lower part of the base plate with anchors for the embedded part is hidden by a stone paving slab. During the inspection, the following work was carried out: analysis of technical documentation for the construction of the flagpole; continuous visual inspection of the technical condition of steel elements with photo fixation; geodetic measurements of the flagpole structure's inclination, leveling of the position of the flagpole supporting part and topographic survey; analysis of the materials of the author's supervision of the project development contractor. As a result of the survey work, no external signs of corrosion damage or mechanical damage to the structure were detected. A deviation of the mast design from the design position and a non-compliance of the embedded anchor detail design with the project were established. (абзац скорочено) Based on the survey, it is recommended to take measures to strengthen the supporting part of the lower section of the flagpole and to adjust its position and secure it with nuts and locknuts, filling the gaps with high-strength mortar.
steel structures, flagpole, structure inclination, geodetic measurements, position leveling, topographic surveying, corrosion damage
Methods for Assessing the Technical Condition of Buildings after Extreme Impacts
The article examines methodological approaches to assessing the technical condition of buildings after blast and thermal impacts. The proposed system combines field inspections, geodetic measurements, and laboratory testing of materials. Special attention is given to integrating the collected data into a unified computational model. The study begins with identifying damage types and determining their geometric characteristics. Based on the obtained information, an integral structural damage index is formed. Spatial monitoring of deformations is carried out using laser scanning and tachometric surveys. Materials are investigated using combined methods. Reductions in the strength of concrete and reinforcement caused by high temperatures and corrosion are taken into account. The developed mathematical relationships make it possible to calculate the residual design resistance and the load-bearing capacity coefficient. The parameterized digital model reproduces actual service conditions. It accounts for stiffness reduction, local failures, and the probability of progressive collapse. Nonlinear stress analysis determines threshold values for engineering decision-making. The resulting indicators identify the need for strengthening or complete reconstruction. A separate section is devoted to forecasting changes in the condition of structures over time. The proposed algorithm ranks recovery options according to technical and economic criteria. Practical implementation of the methodology confirmed its effectiveness. The obtained quantitative indicators provide a substantiated choice between repair and demolition. The study forms a scientific basis for the safe operation of damaged facilities. The results can be used in the development of regulatory documents and engineering recovery projects. The research establishes a foundation for the further development of the theory of structural stability assessment under complex service conditions. The scientific novelty lies in the systematization of instrumental data and their adaptation to modern computational standards. Validation of the approach on real facilities demonstrated a high level of agreement between calculated values and the actual condition of structural elements.
technical inspection of buildings, blast damage, residual load-bearing capacity, finite element modeling, progressive collapse, structural rehabilitation, prevention of man-made risks
Enhancing the compressive strength of soil-cement piles via drill string kinematics optimization in deep mixing
This study proposes an improved method for manufacturing soil-cement piles using deep soil mixing (DSM) technology to increase the bearing capacity and durability of foundations in soft soils. The relevance of the work is due to the need to increase the efficiency of the arrangement of bases and foundations in complex engineering and geological conditions, where traditional methods of soil reinforcement do not always provide the proper strength and homogeneity of the massif. The study presents a conceptual model of local compaction, which considers the borehole as a combined mechanical-hydraulic system, which allows for a more accurate description of the process of forming a soil-cement element and controlling its physical and mechanical properties. This approach integrates continuous injection of cement mortar with discrete reverse movements of the drill string every 350-400 mm, which ensures intensification of the mixing and compaction process of the soil-cement mixture throughout the depth of the borehole. This technological scheme contributes to the formation of a denser and more homogeneous structure of the material, reducing porosity and increasing the adhesive properties between soil particles and cement stone. Laboratory tests on clay, loam and sandy loam (cement content 10-20%) confirmed that stepped compaction increases the compressive strength by up to 47% (nearly 1.5 times), reaching 12.9 MPa for clay and 15.2 MPa for sandy loam, which indicates the high efficiency of the proposed method. The results of the studies show that a compaction step exceeding 400 mm leads to structural heterogeneity and a decrease in the operational characteristics of piles, while the optimal interval provides maximum density and uniform distribution of stresses in the array. In addition, it was found that control of process parameters (tool lifting speed, mortar consumption, multiplicity of reverse movements) is of crucial importance for achieving stable results in field conditions. The technology reduces resource consumption by 25-35% due to the effective use of local soils, reduced cement and energy costs, and reduced work duration. The proposed approach provides a resource-saving and environmentally sound solution for the construction of foundations and retaining walls in difficult geotechnical conditions, and also has the potential for widespread implementation in civil and industrial construction practice. The results obtained can be used in the development of regulatory recommendations and improvement of technological regulations for the performance of deep soil mixing works.
soil-cement pile, Deep Soil Mixing (DSM), cement slurry, local compaction, drill string kinematics, bearing capacity
The velomobile as part of an innovative urban transport system
The article presents the results of a study into the characteristics of the velomobile as an innovative mode of transport. A general description of the velomobile as a means of transport is provided. It is shown that the velomobile is a safe, comfortable and reasonably fast mode of transport that can be used in various climatic conditions. No special or lengthy training is required to use it. A classification of velomobiles by functional purpose is provided. Each class of velomobile is described. A comparative analysis of velomobiles with other modes of urban transport is carried out. An analysis of the weight of the velomobile is conducted. It is noted that in the future, with improvements in design and the use of the latest materials, the weight of velomobiles could be reduced by almost half. A comparison is made of speed, travel time for different modes of transport, energy consumption, impact on the urban environment, noise levels, operating costs, infrastructure requirements, and travel comfort. It has been shown that the velomobile is a more environmentally friendly, cost-effective and functional mode of transport. It has also been shown that the introduction of the velomobile into the urban environment creates opportunities for the rational use of urban space. The potential uses of velomobiles in various areas of life are described: for everyday journeys, excursions, leisure rides, goods transport, and to meet social needs. They can be used by older people, people with disabilities or reduced mobility, and those who find it difficult to ride a conventional bicycle. Overall, it is shown that, with the appropriate infrastructure and a certain level of state support, the velomobile could become one of the innovative elements of a city’s transport system.
velomobile, innovation, transport system, eco-friendly transport, sustainable transport, urban transport, mobility.
Сalculation of precast-monolithic thin-walled reinforced concrete vaults manufactured without the use of formwork
The article deals with the issue of calculating precast-monolithic thin-walled reinforced concrete vaults manufactured without the use of formwork. Such structures combine the advantages of spatial coverings and industrial precast elements; they can be fabricated directly on the construction site using simple technological techniques for forming a curved surface. At the same time, the methodology for calculating such structures, in particular, the verification of the strength of monolithic joints between precast elements, is practically absent in the scientific literature. The calculation results showed that the change in the stiffness of the monolithic joint has practically no effect on the magnitude of internal forces in the structure and only slightly affects the displacements. This allows for the use of a simplified bar model of the arch without explicit modeling of monolithic joints during calculations. The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in establishing the patterns of force distribution in arched systems, taking into account the variability of the physical and mechanical characteristics of the joint material. It is proved that the local heterogeneity of stiffness in the zones of element joining does not cause a significant redistribution of moments and forces, which justifies the correctness of applying strength of materials methods for the analysis of complex spatial shells of this type. An approach for verifying the shear strength of joints in accordance with the provisions of Eurocode 2, taking into account the actual values of shear forces obtained from the structural analysis, is proposed. Calculations of arches with a rise of 3 m and spans from 6 to 18 m were performed, and the required reinforcement and load-bearing capacity of monolithic joints were determined. The developed engineering methodology allows at the design stage to promptly assess the reliability of contact joints, relying on standard output data from general-purpose software packages. The results obtained demonstrated a significant margin of safety for the contact surfaces in shear, even without taking into account the additional effect of compressive stresses in the joint. This indicates the possibility of effective use of thin-walled precast-monolithic vaults for covering medium-sized spans, while ensuring high economic efficiency due to the absence of costs for complex formwork.
reinforced concrete vault, arch, monolithic joint, load-bearing capacity, shear strength, shear force
Static Testing of Highway Bridges.DSTU 9280:2024 – A New Approach
Approximately 19.5 thousand bridge structures (bridges, overpasses, and viaducts) of various periods of construction are in service on the public road network of Ukraine. About 35% of them have been in operation for 60 or more years [1]. Unfortunately, 9,102 bridge structures [1] are currently classified as condition states 4 and 5 (limited serviceability and non-serviceability), and this situation continues to worsen each year. One of the main reasons for the deterioration of bridge conditions is insufficient maintenance. Maintenance represents the longest and arguably the most critical stage in the life cycle of highway bridge structures. While the design and construction of a bridge may take from several months to a few years, its subsequent service life extends over decades. One of the elements of bridge maintenance is structural testing, which may also be carried out as a separate activity, for example, at the commissioning stage. Bridge testing can be static or dynamic. Static load testing is most commonly performed due to its relative simplicity in terms of equipment requirements and data processing, although dynamic testing is generally more informative. This study compares the current standard DSTU 9280:2024 [2], effective from 01.10.2024, for static testing of highway bridges with the previously cancelled standards [3–5]. Differences in approaches to static bridge testing are highlighted, particularly in the stage of data processing and analysis. The methodology introduced in [2] is shown to be closer to the testing approaches used in European and U.S. standards. The required temporary loading for static testing and the application of relevant load factors are analyzed. Problematic aspects arising in the application of DSTU 9280:2024 [2] are identified. The necessity of monitoring bridge temperature before and during testing is also emphasized, as well as accounting for the influence of temperature-induced structural deformations on measurement results.
bridge maintenance, bridge structures, standards, static testing, temperature effects, temporary loading
Efficiency of Using Fiber Reinforcement and Modifying Admixtures in Concrete for Rigid Pavements
The paper presents the results of an experimental study of the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced concrete incorporating various types of dispersed reinforcement, including steel, polypropylene, glass, and basalt fibers. The aim of the study is to evaluate the influence of fiber type and dosage on the compressive, axial tensile, and flexural strength of concrete, as well as on its crack resistance and deformability. The main advantages of fiber-reinforced concrete include reduced labor intensity of conventional reinforcement works, improved operational reliability of structures, and the integration of reinforcement, mixing, and placing processes into a single technological operation. The experimental program included testing concrete cubes in compression, prisms in axial tension, and prisms in flexure. The study was carried out using methods of mathematical design of experiments, which made it possible to reduce the number of tests while ensuring high reliability of the obtained results. It was established that the incorporation of fibers increases the strength, ductility, and crack resistance of concrete, while the degree of improvement depends on the physical and mechanical properties of the fibers. Steel fiber provided the greatest increase in tensile and flexural strength due to its high modulus of elasticity and its ability to effectively resist tensile stresses. Polypropylene fiber improved crack resistance, reduced shrinkage cracking, and enhanced the resistance of concrete to aggressive environmental conditions. Glass and basalt fibers contributed to increased flexural strength and improved durability owing to their high corrosion resistance and good adhesion to the cement matrix. The obtained results confirm the effectiveness of using different types of fibers to improve the mechanical characteristics of concrete and substantiate the feasibility of applying fiber-reinforced concrete in road construction, transportation infrastructure, and other structures subjected to intensive loading, long-term service, and adverse environmental effects
fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC), road pavements, airfield pavement, reinforcing fiber, strength, compression
Modern structural systems for general secondary education institutions with protective structures: materials and technologies
The article analyzes modern structural systems, materials and technologies used in the design of general secondary education institutions with built-in or attached civil defense protective structures. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to ensure continuity of the educational process under wartime threats in Ukraine, when a school building must combine educational and protective functions. The aim of the article is to identify structural solutions capable of ensuring safety, functional suitability, durability and further use of protective spaces in peacetime. The study applies comparative analysis of regulatory requirements, generalization of scientific publications, systematization of structural solutions and architectural-planning analysis of shelters within educational facilities. The expediency of using a cast-in-place reinforced concrete frame system as a basis for integrating protective structures into school buildings is substantiated, since it provides spatial rigidity, planning flexibility and reserve redistribution of forces. Special attention is given to the use of fiber-reinforced concrete and combined reinforcement in slabs, beams and frame joints that may be subjected to dynamic, impact and blast loads. The article analyzes the localization of progressive collapse, sealing of joints and utility penetrations, ventilation, autonomous life-support systems and natural lighting through tubular daylighting systems. The engineering and technological conditions required for the suitability of such spaces for prolonged occupancy are identified. It is established that the effectiveness of a school building with a protective structure depends on the coordination of the structural scheme, engineering equipment, planning logic and operational scenarios. An integrative approach is proposed, in which the shelter is considered a permanent element of educational infrastructure suitable for safe stay, learning activities and further adaptation
school buildings, protective structures, cast-in-place frame system, fiber-reinforced concrete, progressive collapse
Algorithmic evolution of structures from monoliths to bionic design via topology optimization
The article presents the results of advanced digital design methods, focusing on topology optimization and generative design within the construction industry. Currently, the sector faces a critical challenge – achieving a significant reduction in metal consumption without compromising the stability or durability of structures. In an era of resource scarcity and stringent environmental regulations, shifting toward the rational distribution of materials has become a primary objective for the engineering community. For the comparative analysis, three distinct structural configurations were selected: a standard solid steel beam, a conventional truss, and an innovative bionic structure that mimics natural load-bearing principles. The entire numerical modeling cycle was conducted using the Autodesk Fusion 360 environment. The core focus of the study is directed at algorithmic design – a process where the final geometry emerges not from an engineer’s subjective vision, but as a direct result of the mathematical calculation of stress fields. The performed calculations demonstrated that the bionic model, shaped by stripping away non-loaded zones, ensures the most logical transfer of internal forces. Experimental data confirmed that generative design allows for a structural weight reduction of up to 80% compared to the monolithic prototype. Crucially, the required safety factor remains fully intact. Furthermore, the study highlights that such weight optimization directly correlates with a reduced carbon footprint, as less raw material extraction and energy-intensive smelting are required. These results clearly illustrate that moving away from massive forms in favor of complex algorithmic structures represents a logical evolution of engineering toward resource efficiency. The integration of these geometries with additive manufacturing (3D printing) further expands the horizons of architectural freedom. The study’s findings hold direct practical value for the design of next-generation lightweight metal structures. Implementing such high-level automated systems into educational programs and industrial workflows will not only save on materials and logistics but also lay the foundation for sustainable construction where every component operates at its physical limit. Ultimately, this approach transforms the structural engineer from a traditional draughtsman into a curator of algorithmic processes
topological optimization, generative design, Finite Element Analysis, truss structures, weight, strength, development
Finite Urban Module Method as a Tool for Modelling and Calculation of Urban Planning Systems
The paper presents the Finite Urban Module Method (FUMM) – a fundamentally new hybrid approach to mathematical modelling and calculation of urban planning systems based on the rigorous adaptation of the finite element method (FEM) to spatial planning problems. The relevance of this work is driven by the absence of a unified mathematical framework capable of simultaneously describing planar urban zones, linear infrastructure networks and point-based centres of gravity within a single system of equations with explicit handling of regulatory constraints. The urban system is represented through a hybrid discrete space in which planar urban modules (blocks, districts, functional zones) are described as 2D-elements, transport and engineering networks as 1D-elements, and point objects and agents (gravity centres, transit stops, demand sources) as 0D-elements. Local operators are derived for each element type: the stiffness matrix, the accumulation matrix and the load vector, with explicit urban interpretation of the coefficients (spatial conductivity, network capacity, density, demand). The concept of a functional module compatibility matrix is introduced to algebraize urban planning regulations and ensure mathematically rigorous coupling between adjacent urban zones: full compatibility implies a strong interface connection, incompatibility implies a barrier element or zero coupling. The block structure of the global system of equations is examined in detail, covering Dirichlet, Neumann, Robin and saddle-point boundary conditions for problems with regulatory constraints, as well as solution methods for linear and nonlinear systems including Krylov iterative methods, multilevel AMG solvers and direct sparse factorisation. Dynamic modelling via IMEX schemes for stiff problems and stochastic analysis via non-intrusive and intrusive polynomial chaos approaches are described. A comparative analysis of FUMM against cellular automata, agent-based and conventional transport models confirms the systematic advantages of the proposed approach: rigorous variational formulation, adaptive discretisation, scalable solvers and natural alignment with current regulatory standards. Compliance of FUMM with DBN B.2.2-12:2019 is demonstrated, and practical applicability for scenario analysis, optimisation tasks and automated urban indicator mapping is established.
finite element method, urban modeling, spatial planning, accessibility, hybrid discretization, scenario analysis
Prospects for the application of impulse technology for the modification of concrete and cement products
The article examines the prospects for the application of impulse technology in the modification of cement-based building materials and products in order to improve their operational reliability, durability, and long-term performance under various service conditions. The relevance of the study is determined by the growing need for advanced methods of enhancing the durability of concrete and reinforced concrete products exposed to moisture, cyclic temperature changes, aggressive chemical environments, and mechanical loading. An analytical review of modern approaches to both surface and volumetric modification of concrete and cement-based composites is carried out, with particular attention focused on reducing water absorption, increasing frost resistance, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and resistance to aggressive environmental factors. Special emphasis is placed on impulse impregnation technology as a promising method for intensifying the penetration of modifying liquids into the capillary-porous structure of cement stone and concrete products. In contrast to conventional methods of surface treatment and traditional bulk impregnation, the impulse mode provides cyclic variation of excess pressure, which significantly improves the depth and uniformity of the distribution of impregnating agents within the material structure. The operating principle of the technology is considered based on the creation of short-term pressure impulses, which ensure deeper and more uniform impregnation of the surface and near-surface layers of concrete products compared to conventional methods. Due to the intensified penetration of hydrophobic, polymeric, silicate, or other modifying compositions, the technology contributes to the reduction of open porosity, capillary suction, and overall permeability of the material. As a result, improved resistance to moisture ingress, chloride penetration, freeze–thaw cycles, and surface degradation can be achieved. The main directions of possible practical application of the technology are identified and systematized. These include the production of paving slabs, curbstones, road construction elements, airport pavement slabs, railway concrete products, hydraulic and water-management structures, façade and architectural decorative elements, industrial floors, foundation and basement components, as well as enclosing concrete structures. Particular attention is also paid to the prospects of applying the technology in the repair, reconstruction, and restoration of existing concrete and reinforced concrete structures that exhibit signs of degradation, including surface layer destruction, moisture damage, cracking, chloride-induced corrosion, and freeze–thaw deterioration. The article also highlights the prospects for the use of impulse impregnation in specialized and innovative areas, including textile-reinforced concrete, lightweight concrete modified with industrial by-products, and the restoration of fire-damaged concrete structures. The analysis demonstrates that the implementation of impulse technology may significantly extend the service life of concrete products operating in severe environmental conditions. Based on the analysis of scientific publications and the author’s previous studies, the expediency of further development of this research area is substantiated, particularly in terms of optimizing impulse exposure parameters, selecting the most effective compositions of impregnating liquids, determining the depth of penetration, and assessing the long-term effectiveness of modification under real operating conditions. The results of the analytical study can be used as a theoretical and methodological basis for further experimental research and for the practical implementation of the technology in the industrial production of concrete and cement-based building products.
impulse impregnation, concrete modification, building materials, frost resistance, durability, surface impregnation
A Methodology for Ranking Urban Road Segments Based on Morning/Evening Peak Load and Average Speed
The paper proposes a calculation-based methodology for spatiotemporal assessment of operating conditions of an urban road network at the road-segment level. The input data comprise geospatial indicators of traffic load and average speed during the morning (AM) and evening (PM) periods. To ensure comparability across segments, min–max normalization is applied and a composite Congestion Index (CI) is constructed, integrating load and speed into a single dimensionless scale and enabling segment ranking by the level of operational deficiency. The methodology includes: forming a unified analytical dataset for road segments; computing CI separately for AM and PM; determining the maximum value, CImax, as an aggregated characteristic of peak-period criticality; and quantifying inter-period changes in operating conditions using ΔCI = CIpm − CIam. Based on CIam, CIpm, and ΔCI, segments are ranked and priority sections are identified for first-order traffic management or infrastructure interventions (signal timing optimization, improvement of traffic schemes, and localized capacity enhancement measures). The methodology is validated using an urban network dataset (case study: Ternopil), which makes it possible to compile a list of segments with the highest congestion-index values in AM/PM and to identify sections exhibiting the greatest deterioration of traffic conditions in the evening period. The proposed approach is reproducible and can be implemented in GIS and/or spreadsheet environments for regular monitoring, comparison of alternative traffic organization schemes, and preparation of analytical inputs for engineering design decisions in urban construction. The results can serve as an engineering-analytical basis for prioritizing design solutions and planning measures aimed at improving the efficiency of urban road network operation.
urban road network; road segments; congestion load; congestion index; spatiotemporal analysis
Multi-criteria synthesis of organizational and technological solutions in the construction of energy-saving civil buildings
The work is devoted to solving the scientific and applied problem of leveling the «energy gap» of buildings by improving organizational and technological solutions (OTR) directly at the stage of construction and installation works. The relevance of the study is due to the increase in requirements for energy efficiency of modern buildings and the need to ensure that actual energy consumption indicators correspond to design values. A new mathematical model of multi-criteria synthesis is proposed, which formalizes the dependence between the spatial-temporal parameters of construction flows and losses of thermal uniformity of enclosing structures, taking into account the influence of technological breaks, weather conditions and the human factor. Unlike traditional approaches, which are based mainly on calendar planning, the work uses a method of optimizing technological gaps between the processes of installing thermal insulation and its sealing. This allows to minimize the occurrence of defects associated with a violation of the continuity of the thermal insulation contour and reduce heat loss even at the stage of construction of the object. A computational experiment conducted using simulation modeling and variant analysis proves that the transition to industrialized assembly with a high degree of spatial combination generates a significant synergistic effect: the energy consumption of technological processes at the construction stage is reduced by 26,2%, and the subsequent operational energy consumption is reduced by 35,1%. It was established that despite the local increase in the initial estimated cost by 4%, the integral criterion of technological efficiency increases from 0,84 to 1,11, which indicates the economic feasibility of implementing the proposed solutions in the medium and long term. Additionally, it is substantiated that the optimization of organizational and technological parameters has a positive effect on the quality of work, reduces the risks of hidden defects and increases the reliability of the operational characteristics of buildings. The proposed organizational and technological model allows you to reduce the construction time of the facility by 21,4%, increase the level of controllability of construction processes and serves as a reliable tool for guaranteeing the achievement of design indicators of buildings with almost zero energy consumption (nZEB), which meets modern European standards of energy efficiency and sustainable development of construction.
multi-criteria synthesis, industrialized assembly, construction flow, technological gap, energy gap
The article considers energy monitoring in public buildings as a tool for systematic management of energy consumption, operational efficiency and justification of energy efficiency measures. It is shown that energy management and energy monitoring form an organizational, analytical and regulatory basis for the transition from episodic control to continuous energy management. The legislative prerequisites for the implementation of energy management systems in Ukraine, their significance for local governments, budget institutions and technical modernization of facilities are analyzed. Six typical energy monitoring schemes are identified: basic manual or semi-automated, a scheme with distributed accounting, an automated scheme, a microclimatic monitoring scheme, an analytics and management response scheme, as well as a model integrated into the logic of ISO 50001 and the PDCA cycle. The scope of application, data composition, possibilities for detecting deviations, management value and limitations are outlined for each scheme. It is substantiated that the effectiveness of energy monitoring is determined not so much by the level of automation as by the presence of the full cycle of “data - analysis - decision - action - result verification - adjustment”. It is shown that even with limited funding, it is possible to gradually implement a monitoring system from simple collection of indicators to an expanded digital platform. It is concluded that system energy monitoring allows you to identify inefficient consumption, assess the effect of measures, prioritize investments, increase user comfort and form an evidence base for management decisions. Special attention should be paid to staff training. It is separately emphasized that for large, energy-intensive and technically complex facilities, it is advisable to switch to distributed and automated metering, while for institutions with limited resources, a simplified model with regular measurement of indicators and subsequent analysis can be the starting point. It has been proven that the key condition for effectiveness is the availability of trained personnel and managerial response to identified deviations for budgetary institutions.
energy monitoring; energy management; public buildings; automated accounting; ISO 50001.