Innovative Technologies in Transportation Engineering

OPTIMIZATION OF TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL AT ROAD INTERSECTIONS

Viktoriia NYKONCHUK, Ihor KHITROV, Svetlana PASHKEVYCH — Tue, 28 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

From a functional perspective, intersections are the most complex elements of road networks. This is where paths of traffic from different directions intersect, leading to various maneuvers. This underscores the importance of efficient traffic regulation, especially at intersections, in enhancing safety and improving efficiency. The article investigates the complex relationship between transportation infrastructure and the quality of public life, emphasizing the significance of effective traffic control, particularly at intersections, in enhancing safety and increasing efficiency. The research is aimed at optimizing traffic light management at congested four-way intersections in cities, with the goal of reducing congestion, increasing safety, and improving traffic flow. In most intersections with heavy traffic, traffic movement is regulated by traffic lights, and inefficient settings can lead to unjustified long waiting periods and increased overall traffic delays. For simulation modeling of traffic conditions at this intersection, PTV Vissim software was used. Observations of traffic flows, their distribution by direction, and parameters of traffic light regulation were used as input data for intersection modeling. The results of the modeling identified various approaches to optimizing traffic light management, including adjusting cycle times and considering passenger flows, with a particular emphasis on adaptive systems that respond to real-time traffic parameters. The study identifies challenges such as variable traffic flow and proposes solutions such as extending green phases and introducing pedestrian phases. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of collecting and interpreting dynamic traffic movement parameters for effective traffic light regulation, particularly in the implementation of automated traffic management systems.

Keywords: intersection, vehicle, traffic flow, traffic signal control, road conditions modeling.

CASE STUDY ON IMPLEMENTING TRAFFIC CALMING DEVICES: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE STREET AND ROAD NETWORK IN KHARKIV

Igor BUGAYOV, Olga KHOLODOVA, Maryna BUHAIOVA, Oleg KHOLODOV — Tue, 28 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The continuous growth of the car fleet and the underdevelopment of city streets and road networks require constant improvement in traffic management. The article suggests considering modern means, such as traffic calming, an essential component of strategies for ensuring road safety and creating a comfortable public area.

The analysis of existing traffic calming devices and their application practice abroad have proved the need for their widespread implementation to reduce vehicle average speeds to a safer level, reduce the number of road accidents and the severity of their consequences, and improve the conditions for movement on the street and road network for all road users.

The article analyses the implementation of three schemes of traffic management at a pedestrian crossing, namely, with the use of road signs and road markings only; with the provision of an elevated pedestrian crossing, road signs and road markings; with the use of road humps, road signs and road markings. The dependences of the average length of the traffic jam, the average delay time, and the average number of stops of one vehicle on the intensity of traffic and pedestrian flows when arranging a pedestrian crossing under the three options are obtained, which can be used for a preliminary assessment of their arrangement at pedestrian crossings.

It is substantiated that the average value of the traffic jam length, the average number of stops, and the average delay per vehicle are influenced by the traffic flow intensity, where the estimated indicators increase with their increase. As the area of influence of traffic calming devices and their geometric characteristics increases, the evaluation indicators also increase, i.e., since an elevated pedestrian crossing has smaller geometric parameters than a complex of pedestrian crossings with road humps, we have lower values of the evaluation indicators.

Keywords: traffic calming devices, pedestrian crossing, intersection, road hill, markings, transport modelling, criterion, analysis.

ON THE QUESTION REGARDING THE USE OF THREE-LINK ROAD TRAINS IN UKRAINE

Tue, 28 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Carrying out cargo transportation in intercity and international transportation by three-link road trains, compared to single vehicles, has a number of advantages, which ensure an increase in the productivity of rolling stock, a decrease in the cost of road transportation, a decrease in the total cost of cargo transportation, etc. Ukraine does not have its own production of tractor vehicles that can be used to work with trailers or semi-trailers with a large load capacity. Therefore, when choosing rolling stock for three-link road trains, its necessery to focusation on the products of leading automobile companies. It was established by researches that the generalizing indicator of traction-speed properties of a motor vehicle is the average speed of movement, because it affects its productivity and determines the efficiency of its use. In the work, this speed is determined according to the developed algorithm. It was established that the average speeds of road trains consisting of tractors of the N3 category (MAN TGA, Iveco Magirus, Scania R-series, DAF XF 105, Volvo FH16) with semi-trailers and O4 trailers of the KRONE brand in given road conditions differ little from each other. The maximum deviation of the average speed of movement, which has the largest value 22.99 m/s (for Volvo FH16+KRONE SDP-27), from the smallest value 21.05 m/s (for DAF XF 105+KRONE SDP-27), does not exceed 8.5%, i.e. further comparison of road trains should be fulfilled according to other criteria, in particular according to maneuverability when moving on a route. It is shown that the considered three-link road trains do not satisfy the requirements of Directive 2002/7/EC regarding maneuverability. For three-link road trains with unguided trailing links, the minimum external overall turning radius with an internal overall radius of 5.3 m varies from 12.63 m for a trailed road train to 14.9 m for a "B-Double" type road train. This is explained by the fact that the length of the three-link road train lies within 26.0...27.0 m. Therefore, for the practical use of three-link road trains in Ukraine, changes should be made both in the transport legislation and in the construction of road trains, in particular, the introduction of controlled trailer links into their structure and the determination of their placement in the road train.Keywords: transport system, technical and operational indicators, load capacity, three-link road train, tractor vehicle, semi-trailer, trailer, average speed, maneuverability.

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFICIENCY OF MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT

Tue, 28 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The transport policy of many developed countries is based on the development and implementation of multimodal transport systems. They are an effective means of solving urgent problems of social development, globalisation of internal and external relations between states. The wide coverage of the problems of functioning and developing multimodal transport systems by the world scientific community shows that multimodal transport systems are currently considered as one of the means of solving the most pressing problems of the economy, transport, mobility, etc.

The authors have analysed existing research and found that there are no holistic approaches to analysing, designing, planning and managing different types of multimodal transport systems. The direct application of mathematical methods alone is insufficient and inefficient for such large technical systems as multimodal transport systems (MMTS). The reason for this is the uncertainty of a large number of factors and situations. Therefore, this paper uses the logical foundations of systems analysis. This has allowed the authors to gain a much deeper understanding of the nature of multimodal transport systems, their structure, organisation, tasks, regularities of functioning, optimal ways of development and management methods. The most important factors influencing the efficiency of international multimodal transport were identified using the method of expert evaluation. The content of the most influential factors identified by the experts was systematised. The systematic procedure allowed analysing possible alternative methods and means of achieving the goals, identifying effective solutions for improving the efficiency of MMTS, identifying the largest possible number of organisational and subjective factors affecting the object of study and considering how they affect each other.

Keywords: multimodal transport system, system analysis, influence factors, automation, efficiency

PECULIARITIES OF DETERMINATION THE SELF-ALIGNING TORQUE OF THE TIRE DURING MOVEMENT WITH SIDE SLIP

Anatolii SOLTUS, Eduard KLIMOV, Serhii CHERNENKO, Andrii CHERNYSH — Tue, 28 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The movement of an elastic wheel with a side slip, which is determined by the angle between the velocity vector and the wheel disk, causes a lateral displacement of the disk relative to the tire contact patch. The displacement is formed during the time the point of the tire comes into contact with the support surface until it leaves it. During such movement, longitudinal and lateral reactions occur in the contact patch and reduce to the self-aligning torque and resultant force, applied in the centre of the contact patch. The self-aligning torque is developed if there are reactions in the plane of the tire contact patch and the displacement of their resultant relative to contact patch centre. At the same time, the forces and moments that developed in the contact patch depend on the state of the contact patch, which is characterized by the ratio of the adhesion and sliding zones in it. This contact patch state is determined by the values of the turning angles of the locked steered wheel during its static turn and depends on the coefficient of road adhesion and the type of tire. Analytical dependencies were obtained for determining the self-aligning torque depending on the slip angle in the range of zero to the slip angle at which the traction properties of the tire with the support surface are fully realized. When the traction properties are fully realized in the tire contact patch during the movement of the wheel with side slip, the self-aligning torque of the tire reaches zero, since the displacement of the resultant reactions relative to the centre of the contact patch goes to zero. At the same time, under the effect of longitudinal reactions, the self-aligning torque can acquire negative values at large slip angles.

Keywords: vehicle, elastic wheel, slip, tire, self-aligning torque, support surface.

ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERIES AND CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Nadiia KUTS, Peter STARZYCZNY — Tue, 28 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In today's world, as we move towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly transportation, electric vehicles are becoming a centerpiece. The article "Electric Vehicle Batteries and Charging Infrastructure: Challenges and Opportunities" analyzes the current state and prospects for the development of electric vehicle batteries and charging infrastructure.

The purpose of the article is to highlight the problems associated with charging infrastructure, the use of different types of batteries for the development of the electric vehicle sector and ways to solve them. The article explores the current battery technologies used in electric vehicles, in particular lithium-ion batteries, and points out the advantages and disadvantages of each type. By comparing energy density, charging speed, and service life, the article helps to understand which batteries may have advantages in the electric vehicle market in the future. The main motivations for the transition to electric vehicles are to reduce emissions of harmful gases, attract renewable energy sources and reduce dependence on oil resources. The research is based on key aspects of the introduction of electric vehicles: improvements in battery technology to ensure greater efficiency and durability; the need to develop an efficient and affordable charging infrastructure for electric vehicles; the importance of fast charging for convenience and efficiency, and to reduce charging waiting times, making electric vehicles more attractive to users; and the development of battery recycling and reuse systems.

The article examines the challenges associated with the development of charging infrastructure. It analyzes issues such as the limited availability of charging stations, different charging standards, and the efficiency of existing networks. In addition, the article highlights strategies that can be used to overcome these challenges, such as incentivizing infrastructure development and standardizing charging connectors. The economic and environmental benefits of the transition to electric transport and the need for joint efforts by governments, manufacturers, and infrastructure companies to overcome the challenges and ensure the sustainable development of this industry are discussed. Overall, the article provides an in-depth overview of the current state and prospects for the development of key components of electric vehicle infrastructure, contributing to the understanding and resolution of the challenges associated with the transition to more sustainable and environmentally friendly transportation.

As a result of further research, a conceptual approach to innovation and investment in the development of batteries for electric vehicles and charging infrastructure is proposed to overcome current challenges. The practical implications of the research findings for the transport industry are in the recommendations provided to facilitate cooperation between all stakeholders and are essential to achieving success.

Keywords: electric vehicle, charging infrastructure, electric vehicle battery, charging stations, electric energy.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF DIESEL ENGINE OPERATING ON DIESEL˗TIRE PYROLYSIS OIL BLENDS

Tomas MICKEVIČIUS, Stasys SLAVINSKAS, Arvydas PAULIUKAS, Domas BENESEVIČIUS — Tue, 28 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The article presents the experimental test results of diesel engine efficiency operating on diesel fuel and tire pyrolysis oil blends. The aim of the work was to study the performance efficiency and emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with blends of diesel fuel (DF) and tire pyrolysis oil (TPO) at a constant engine speed and various load modes. For experimental research diesel engine "ORUVA F1L 511" was used. Diesel fuel and its blends TPO10 and TPO20 with tire pyrolysis oil were used for the research. During the test, the engine's hourly fuel consumption, volumetric air consumption, engine torque, emissions and smoke opacity were measured. In the studies, it was found that the highest brake specific fuel consumption was obtained when the engine was running on a fuel blend TPO20 of diesel and tire pyrolysis oil. At full load, TPO10 and TPO20 fuel blends resulted in 3.6 % and 4% lower engine brake thermal efficiency compared to the diesel engine, respectively. In the same mode, using a blend of diesel fuel and tire pyrolysis oil TPO10, the engine generated the highest total emissions of nitrogen oxides. At full load, the highest carbon monoxide CO emissions were obtained with the TPO20 fuel blend (745 ppm), and the lowest with diesel fuel (646 ppm). When the engine was operating at full load, the TPO20 fuel blend, generated 25.5 % less smoke opacity than the diesel fuelled engine.

Key words: diesel fuel, tire pyrolysis oil, engine efficiency, emissions, smoke opacity.

MIXTURES OF ESSENTIAL OILS AND ALCOHOLS WITH DIESEL OIL USE AND IMPACT ON ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND POLLUTANT EMISSIONS. A REVIEW

Tue, 28 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Recent discoveries in the field of using blends of essential oil, alcohol and diesel in diesel engines open new perspectives for optimizing performance and reducing pollutant emissions. This work focuses on evaluating the combined effects of these blends on engine performance parameters and pollutant emission profiles, providing insight into the benefits and challenges associated with their use. The review of the literature and empirical data highlights the promising potential of steam extraction of biofuels, as well as the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of transesterification of oils in the production of biofuels. Also, mixing distilled alcohol with essential oil and diesel fuel is revealed as a viable strategy for improving the combustion characteristics and performance of the diesel engine. The results indicate a number of significant improvements in engine performance, including reduced specific fuel consumption, increased power and torque, as well as improved thermal efficiency and reduced smoke emissions. However, it is important to note that certain mixtures may lead to a slight increase in nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, which requires further research to optimize the composition of the mixtures and minimize the environmental impact. Overall, this study highlights the promising potential of using blends of essential oil, alcohol and diesel in diesel engines, highlighting the importance of continued research in the field to develop sustainable and energy efficient solutions for road transport.

Keywords: essential oils, alcohols, diesel engine, engine performance, pollutant emissions.

ENHANCING URBAN MOBILITY: THE ROLE OF IN MOTION CHARGING IN MODERN TROLLEYBUS SYSTEMS

Mikołaj BARTŁOMIEJCZYK — Tue, 28 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In Motion Charging (IMC) is an innovative power system for trolleybuses that combines traditional overhead lines (OHL) with modern traction batteries. This system allows vehicles to charge while in motion, eliminating the need for stopping to recharge. As a result, trolleybuses can cover significant portions of their routes without relying on overhead lines, increasing the overall flexibility and functionality of the system. A key aspect of IMC is optimizing the length of overhead lines, which reduces the required battery capacity and lowers infrastructure costs. This article discusses the principles of the dynamic charging system, the benefits of its implementation, and practical examples of its application in European cities such as Solingen, Freiburg, and Gdynia.Keywords: inm motion charging, trolleybus, electric buses, electromobility

STUDY OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY TROLLEYBUSES MOVING UNDER REGULATED TRAFFIC CONDITIONS

Igor BUDNYCHENKO, Valerii DEMBITSKYI, Vladyslav PODPISNOV, Vladyslav DYKYI — Tue, 28 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

At the current stage of development of electric transport, the task of studying the energy efficiency of such vehicles is still relevant. Various models of electricity consumption developed and proposed by scientists still do not reflect the actual energy consumption of vehicles. A particular problem in such studies is the need to take into account the amount of electricity recovered by the engine. The analysis of the literature shows a variety of approaches to modeling electricity consumption that take into account the actual operating conditions of vehicles. In this paper, we have studied the consumption of electric energy by trolleybuses moving along established routes in Vinnytsia. Based on the results of the studies, the total amount of energy consumed, the amount of energy consumed by the traction electric drive, the total amount of recovered energy, and the amount of recovered energy returned to the contact network were determined.

The data obtained were processed and it was determined that the difference between the amount of electric energy recovered by the vehicle traction motor and the total amount of recovered electric energy sent to the contact network is 6...14 %, while the amount of electric energy recovered by the vehicle traction motor ranges from 7 to 27 % of the electric energy consumed by the electric drive. The research results obtained indicate significant losses of part of the electrical energy recovered by the engine, as well as a significant variation in the amount of recovered energy, depending on the route. Further research should be aimed at improving mathematical models of electric energy consumption, taking into account the specific operating conditions of vehicles.

Keywords: consumption of electrical energy, trolleybus, energy recovery, specific energy consumption, traffic routes